§@ªÌ |
¼ÐÃD |
¤¾¤þ
ª©¥D
Taiwan
16098 Posts |
Posted - 10/31/2019 : 19:57:29
|
https://is.gd/MJIO0U
Âå¥Í§@®a§d¿³ó`Ä~2007¦~¼¶¼g¡u¶Àª÷Àɮסv¡Aº«×ÂǥѤ÷¿Ë¯d¤Uªº40¦h¥»¤é°O¡A´¦¶}°ê¦@¤º¾Ô´Á¶¡¡A¶Ç»¡¤¤ªº¶Àª÷¹B¥x³¡¤À«÷¹Ï«á¡F¦A±µ¦A¼F¡A¥H³Ì·s¥v®Æ¡AÂç²M¶Ç»¡¤¤ªº««°gÃú¡A²×©ó§¹¦¨·s®Ñ¡u¶Àª÷©¹¨Æ¡Ð¶Àª÷Àɮ׳̲׳¹¡v¡A¬°·í¦~³oµ§Ã©w¥xÆW¦¿¤s¡B³þ©w¨â©¤¤ÀªvªºÃöÁä¶Àª÷¡AÁÙì³Ì«áªº¾ú¥v«÷¹Ï¡C
¡·¶Àª÷©¹¨Æ 3¤jµo²{ ¥xÆW¤w¬G¿ûÅK¤j¦Ñ§d·C¼y¤§¤l¡B¬ü°êÂå¾Ç³Õ¤h§d¿³ó`¡A¦b1996¦~¡B¤÷¿Ë¹L¥@5¦~«á¡A¤~µo²{¤÷¿Ë¯d¤U¤F40´X¥»¤é°O¡A¸ÌÀY¬ö¿ý¤F¤÷¿Ë¥Í«eµ´¤f¤£´£ªº¤Ñ¤j¾÷±K¡G¦b°ê¦@¤º¾Ô®É´Á¡A¨¥ôÁp¶ÔÁ`³¡°]°È¸pªøªº¤÷¿Ë¡A´¿¸g´xºÞªñ¦Ê¸U¨â¶Àª÷¤Î¼Æ¤d¸U»È¶êªº¯µ±Kx¶O¡C¤£¹Lª¾¦W§@®a§õ±Î«o¦b¥L©Ò¼gªº¡u½±¤¶¥Û¬ã¨s¡v³o¥»®Ñ¸Ì´£¨ì¡A·í®Éªº°]°È¸pªø§d·C¼y§â°ê®w¥þ³¡ªº¶Àª÷92¸U¨â²Î²Î®³¨«¤F¡C¥Ñ¦¹®i¶}¤F§d¿³ó`°l´M¶Àª÷¯u¬Ûªº¨M¤ß¡C 2006¦~¡A«n¨Ê¤GÀÉÀ]¶}©l±N¤@¨Ç¸ê®Æ¥æµ¹¤H¥Á¤é³ø¤½¥¬¡A³o®É¡A§d¿³ó`¾á¤ß¥L¦A¤£°Êµ§¡A³o¬q¶Àª÷¥v¤£ª¾¹D·|³Q¤¤¦@¼g¦¨¬Æ»ò¼Ë¤l¡A¦]¦¹¨M©w¥ý¥H¤÷¿Ëªº¤é°O¬°¥»¡A¥[¤W·í®É¤½¶}ªº¸ê®Æ¡A©ó2007¦~¼g¦¨¡u¶Àª÷Àɮסv³o¥»®Ñ¡C¦¹«á¡A¨ì¤F2009¦~¡A§d¿³ó`¤S¥H·s¤½¥¬ªº¥v®Æ¡A¥]¬A½±¤¶¥Û¤é°O¡B¥H¤Î°ê¥vÀ]´£¨Ñªº¾ú¥vì¥ó¬°¦õÃÒ¡A¦b¤j³°¥Xª©¡u¶Àª÷¯µÀÉ¡v²Å骩¡C2011¦~¡A§¹¦¨¡u¶Àª÷¯µÀÉ¡v¬ö¿ý¤ù¡C¤µ¦~¡A¥L§ó¥[¤W«n¨Ê¤GÀÉÀ]¥Xª©ªº¡u¤¤¥¡»È¦æ¥v®Æ¡G1928¦~〜1949¦~¡v¤W¤U¨â¥U¡A¥H¤Î±q¤÷¿Ë¤é°O¸Ì½¥X¨Óªº·s¥v®Æ¡A§¹¾ãÂç²M³o¬q°ê¦@¤º¾Ô¶Àª÷¹B¥xªººØºØ¶Ç»¡»P««°gÃú¡A¼g¦¨¡u¶Àª÷©¹¨Æ¡Ð¶Àª÷Àɮ׳̲׳¹¡v¡AÁÙì³oµ§Ã©w¥xÆW¦¿¤s¡B³þ©w¨â©¤¤ÀªvªºÃöÁä¶Àª÷¡A³Ì«áªº¾ú¥v«÷¹Ï¡C §d¿³ó`«ü¥X¡A¦b¡u¶Àª÷©¹¨Æ¡v³o¥»®Ñ¤¤¡A¦Ü¤Ö¦³3ÂI¡A¬O¹L¥h¨S¦³ªº·sµo²{¡A¥L»¡¡G¡y(ìµ)³Ì¤£¦Pªº¬O³oÓ¶Àª÷ªº¶q¡A¶Àª÷¶q³Ìªì³£¥H¬°¬O¦b¤W®üªº°ê®w¦³¦h¤Ö¨â¶Àª÷¡A³£¨ì¤F¥xÆW¡A¨ä¹ê¤£¬O³oӼˤl¡CÁÙ¦³²Ä¤GÂI©O¡A´N¬O¶Àª÷ªº¥Dn¨Ó·½¡A¥H«e¤£ª¾¹D¬O½±¤Ò¤H¦b¥Õ®c¸Ì±¸òù´µºÖÁ`²ÎºV©wªº¡A¥Î2.2»õ¬üª÷¶R¶Àª÷¡A©Ò¥H³oÓ¬O¤ñ¸û·sªºµo²{¡C¨º»òÁÙ¦³«nªº¤@ÂI¡A´N¬O¬ü°êªº¶Àª÷628¸U¨â¡A¬O³Ì«á99.4%³£¹B¨ì¤¤°ê¡A©Ò¥H³oÓ¬O¦b¼g²Ä¤G¥»®Ñªº®ÉÔÁÙ¨S¦³½T©w¡A¨ì²Ä¤T¥»®Ñ¡A²{¦bªº³oӮѪº®ÉÔ¡A§ÚÌ¥i¥H½T©w¡C¡z
¡·¶Àª÷¤£¨Ó ª«»ùÄ˸ ®Ú¾Ú¬ÛÃö¥v®Æ¡A¦b1941¦~12¤ë¬Ã¯]´ä¨ÆÅܫᤣ¨ì1Ó¤ë¡A¤¤°ê´N¦VµØ©²´£¥X5»õ¬ü¤¸ªº¶U´Ú¡A¥HÀ³§Ü¾Ô«æ»Ý¡F¦Ó¬ü°ê°ê·|¤]¨³³t¦b1942¦~2¤ë¡A´N³q¹L³o¶µÉ´Ú¡C¨ä«á½±¤Ò¤H©ó1943¦~6¤ë³X°Ý¬ü°ê¡A¦b¥Õ®c»Pù´µºÖÁ`²ÎºV©w¡An¥Î5»õ¬ü¤¸¤¤ªº2.2»õ¬ü¤¸ÁʶR¤j¬ù628¸U¨âªº¶Àª÷¡A¥H±±¨î¤¤°ê¤j³°¤éÁÍÄY«ªº³q³f¿±µÈ¡F¨S·Q¨ì¡A³oµ§É´Ú«o¾D¨ì·í®É¬ü°ê°]¬F³¡ªº¦Ê¯ë¤NÃø¡Aª½¨ì1945¦~1¤ë¡A§Ü¾Ô§Y±Nµ²§ô¡A¤~¹B¨Ó17¸U¨â¶Àª÷¡A¶ZÂ÷¤¤µØ¥Á°ê¬F©²·QnÁʶRªº628¸U¨â¶Àª÷¡A³s§À¼Æ³£¤£¨ì¡C ÁöµM¤§«á¦b¤¤¥¡»È¦æ1947¦~ªº¥v®Æ¤Î¬ü°ê°ê°È°|1948¦~ªº¡u¤¤¬üÃö«Y¥Õ¥Ö®Ñ¡v¡A³£ÃÒ¹ê¬ü°ê²×©ó¦b1945¦~¨ì1946¦~3¤ë¶¡¡A±N³Ñ¤Uªº600¦h¸U¨â¶Àª÷¹B¨ì¤¤°ê¡C¦ý¦b§Ü¾Ô«á´Á¡A¬üx¾nµØ¤H¼Æªñ10¸U¡A1¦W¬üxªº¥Í¬¡¶O¥Î«o¬Û·í©ó500¦W¤¤°ê¤h§Lªº¤ä¥X¡F³oÁÙ¤£¥]¬A¤¤°ê¬F©²±q1942¦~¨ì1944¦~¶¡¡A¬°¬üx¤ä¥Xªº¥¨¤j׿v¶O¥Î¡A¥]¬A±JªÙ¡B¾÷³õ¡B¹D¸ôµ¥µ¥¡C®Ú¾Ú²Îp¡A¶È¶È³o¨Ç¾nµØ¬üx¨C¤ëªº¶}¾P¡A´N±q1944¦~11¤ëªº10»õªk¹ô¼W¥[¨ì1945¦~5¤ëªº200»õ¡C¦Ó¦b1944¦~©³¡A¥þ¤¤°êªºªk¹ôµo¦æ¶qÁÙ¤£¨ì2¤d»õ¡F¨ì1945¦~¡A¬üxªº¶}¤ä³ºµM¦û¤F·í¦~ªk¹ôµo¦æÃBªº¤@¥b¡C ¦p¦¹Ãe¤jªº¶}¾P¡AÅý°ê©²ì¨Ó±H±æ¯à¦b1942¦~±q¬ü°êɨÓ600¦h¸U¨â¶Àª÷¡AÀ£§C§Ü¾Ô¥H¨Ó¤j¬ù15¿ªº³q³f¿±µÈ¡F¦ý¬O¶Àª÷¿ð¿ð¤£¨Ó¡A¬üxªº¤ä¥X¤S¨Ï±oªk¹ôµo¦æÃB¼É¼W¡A¾ÉP1945¦~¶Àª÷²×©ó¹B¨ì¤¤°ê®É¡A³q³f¿±µÈ¤w¦p¥X¹h²rªê¡A¤@µo¤£¥i¦¬¬B¡A¸¤É¨ì2,200¿¡C®Ú¾Ú¤¤¥¡»È¦æ¥v®Æ°O¸ü¡A¦b600¦h¸U¨â¬ü°ê¶Àª÷¹B¨ì¤¤°ê«e¡A°ê©²¤w¸g¹Ô¥I¬üx¤ä¥X°ª¹F52»õ¬ü¤¸¡F§Y¨Ï¦]¬°¶×²v®t²§¡A¥H¤¤À¤§¤@pºâ¡A¤]¹F10»õ¦h¬ü¤¸¡A¬Û·í©ó3¤d¸U¨â¶Àª÷¡C©k©k¨Ó¿ðªº¬ü°ê¶Àª÷¡A¥u¯àºâÂkÁÙ¤¤°ê¬F©²¬°¬üx¹Ô¥Iªº5%¶O¥Î¡I ¬°¤F¨³³téwªk¹ô¡A¬ü°ê¶Àª÷¤@¨ì¡A·í®Éªº¦æ¬F°|ªø§º¤l¤å´N¥ß¨è¦b1¦~¶¡¡A©ß°â±¼353¸U¨â¶Àª÷¡Aµ²ªG¤Ï¦Ó³y¦¨¶Àª÷·mÁÊ·¼é¡A¤Þµo¥«³õ§ó¤jªº¤£¦w¡A³s±a¤Þ°_¦Ñ¦Ê©m·¥¤jªº¤£º¡¡C§d¿³ó`»¡¡G¡y(ìµ)ÁʶR¬ü°ê¶Àª÷¡A¥Dnªº¥Øªº¬O¨î¤î³q³f¿±µÈ¡A©Ò¥H§º¤l¤å¨Ì·Óì¨Óªº¥Øªº¡A¬O»Ýn½æ±¼¶Àª÷¡C¦ý¬O½æªº¤è¦¡¥i¯à¤£¹ï¡A¥LÀ³¸ÓÅý¤@¨Ç¤½¥¿ªº¤H¨Ó¥D«ù³o¨Ç¨Æ±¡¡A«ç»ò¼Ë¤l¦n¦n§Q¥Î³oµ§¶Àª÷¡A¦ý¬O¨S¦³¡A´NÅý¤¤¥¡»È¦æÀH«K¥h½æ¡Cµ²ªG¥uÅý¤Ö¼Æ¤H±o§Q¤F¡A¦]¬°¥u¦³¤º³¡ªº¤H¡B¦³¿úªº¤H¡A¤~¯à°÷¥h¶R¶Àª÷¡A¶R¤F¥H«á¡A°¨¤W´NÁȤF¤jµ§¿ú¡A¦]¬°ªk¹ôÁÙ¦bÄ~Äò¶SÈ¡A©Ò¥H³oÓ´N¬OÅܦ¨¶Àª÷·¼é¡C©Ò¥H¶Àª÷¤Ï¦Ó»s³y¥X¤H¥Á¹ï©ó³o¨Ç¤Õ§º®a±ÚªºÃaªº¦L¶H¡AÅý¤¤°ê¦Ñ¦Ê©m¹ï©ó½±¬FÅv§ó¤£º¡·N¡A³y¦¨¤¤°ê¤H¥Á¹ï°ê¥Á¬F©²ªº¤£º¡»PÃaªº¦L¶H¡C¡z
¡·±K¹B¶Àª÷ ¥¬§½¥xÆW ¬°¤Féwª÷¿Ä¯´§Ç¡A1948¦~8¤ë¡Aè´N¥ôÁ`²Îªº½±¤¶¥Û¤U¥Oáµ²ª«»ù¡Aµo¦æª÷¶ê¨é¡A±j¢¦¬§I¥Á¶¡«ù¦³ªº¶Àª÷¡B¥~¶×¡A¨Ã¬£¥X½±¸g°ê¥´¦Ñªê¡Cµ²ªG¡A¤£¨ì3Ó¤ë¡AÁöµM¦¬¦^¶Àª÷184¸U¨â¡A¦ý¥´¦Ñªê¸I¨ì¤Õ§º®a±Ú¡A¥u¯àµhúÁ¹õ¡Aª÷¶ê¨é¥ß§Y¶SÈ¡AªÀ·|°ÊÀú¡B¥Á¤£²á¥Í¡A°ê¥Á¬F©²¤]·n·n±ý¼Y¡C ²´¨£®É§½ÄÆ·n¡A½±Á`²Î©ó11¤ë¶¡¡A±K¥O¶Àª÷¹B¥x¡C 1948¦~12¤ë1¤é²`©]¡A±q¤W®ü¤¤°ê»È¦æªº¦a¤UÜ®w¡A¤]´N¬O·í¦~°ê¥Á¬F©²¤¤¥¡»È¦æªº°ê®w¸Ì¡A¹B¥X¤F200¸U¨â¶Àª÷¡F¥Ñ®üÃö½r¨pÄ¥®ü¬P¸¹¡A¦b12¤ë4¤é¹B©è°ò¶©¡F¦A¥Ñ¤õ¨®©ó5¤éâ±á¹B©è¥x¥_¨®¯¸¡F±µµÛ¥Ñ¥d¨®¸Ë¹B¨ì¥xÆW»È¦æ¤J®w¡C ¦ý¬O¡A®ø®§¨³³t¨«º|¡A¤ÞÃz¤W®ü¥«¥ÁÀ½§I¶Àª÷ºG®×¡A©ó¬O±q¦Ñ¦Ê©m§I¨Óªº184¸U¨â¶Àª÷¡A¤S³Q§I¦^83¸U¨â¡A¾l101¸U¨â¡C ®Ú¾Ú¥¡¦æ¥v®Æ¡A·í®É°ê®w¸Ìªº¶Àª÷¥u³Ñ¤U§º¤l¤å©ß°â«áªº¬ü°ê¶Àª÷275¸U¨â¡A¤Îª÷¶ê¨é§I¨Óªº¥Á¶¡¶Àª÷101¸U¨â¡A¥[¤W¾Ô«á°ê®w©Ò¾lªº¤Ö¶q¶Àª÷¡AÁ`p400¦h¸U¨â¡C12¤ëªì·h¥h¥xÆWªº¶Àª÷¡A¥¿¦n¬O¤W®ü°ê®wªº¤@¥b¡C ³\¦h¤H½èºÃ½±¤¶¥Û¦³¦ó¸ê®æ§â¶Àª÷·h¨ì¥xÆW¨Ó¡H§d¿³ó`»{¬°¡A·íµM¦³¸ê®æ¡C¥L»¡¡G¡y(ìµ)¥xÆW¬O¤¤µØ¥Á°êªº¤@¬Ù¹À¡I¬°¤°»ò¤£¯à§ïÅÜÀx¦s¦aÂI©O¡H³oӨ䣬O»¡°½¹B¤£°½¹B¹À¡A³oÓ¬FÅv¡B¤@Ó¬FÅv·Qn§â¶Àª÷ªº·Ç³Æª÷¡B°ê¹ô·Ç³Æª÷´«Ó¦a¤è©ñ¡A¦³¬Æ»ò¿ù¡H¨S¦³¿ù¡I¦b¾ú¥v¤W¨S¦³¿ùªº¡C¨S¦³»¡¬O¦Xªk¤£¦Xªkªº°ÝÃD¡A¬O§a¡I¡z ¶Àª÷À½§IºG®×µo¥Í«á¡A¶Àª÷¹B¥xªº¦æ°Ê¨Ã¥¼¤¤¤î¡C»°¦b¤U³¥«e¡A½±Á`²Î¤S¥O·í®Éªº¥¡¦æÁ`µô«\ÂE¶v¡A¦A«×¬£»º®ü¬PÄ¥¡A±q¤W®ü·h¤F57¸U¨â¶Àª÷¡A©ó1949¦~1¤ë5¤é°e©è·Hªù¤¤¥¡»È¦æ¤À¦æ¡F¤£¤[¡A®üÃö¨µÅÞÄ¥¦A±q¼s¦{¹B¤F33¸U¨â¶Àª÷¨ì·Hªù¡CÁ`p¹B©è·Hªù90¸U¨â¶Àª÷¡A¦ý¶i¤@¨B²MÂI«á¡A«o·N¥~¦h¥X9¸U¨â¡C
¡·§Ô°dt« ¥Á¯×¥Á»I 1949¦~1¤ë21¤é¡A½±Á`²Î¤U³¥¡C²Ä¤G¤Ñ¡A·s¥ô¥¡¦æÁ`µô¼B§ðªå¤W¥ô¡A¤£¨ì1Ó¬P´Á¤S©ß°â±¼¶Àª÷27¸U¨â¡C¦¹®É«\ÂE¶vµ¹½±¤¶¥Ûªº±K¹qÅã¥Ü¡A°ê®w¶Àª÷¥u³Ñ82¸U¨â¡C 2¤ë7¤é¡A¥¡¦æ¦A¹B12¸U¨â¶Àª÷¡A¥Ñ¤¤°ê¯èªÅ¤½¥q±M¾÷¹B©è¥x¥_¡C 2¤ë8¤é¡B9¤é¡A½±¤¶¥Û¤S©R±M¾÷¾r¾p¦ç´_®¦µ¥¦@¶}¥X7¡B8¬[¸¾÷¡A¥Ñ¤W®üªÅ¹B40¦h¸U¨â¶Àª÷¨ì¥xÆW¡C 2¤ë10¤é¡A½±¤¶¥Û¦b¤é°O¸Ì¼g¤U¡G¡u¤H¥Á¯×»I¤£¯à¤£³]ªk«O¦s¡C¡v ¨ì©³½±¤¶¥Û«O¦s¤F¦h¤Ö¤H¥Á¯×»I¡H ±q°ê¥vÀ]¸Ñ±Kªºì¥ó¥i¨£¡A¤¤¥¡»È¦æ¦b1948¦~¨ì50¦~°O¿ýªº¶Àª÷¦¬¤J¶q¡G²Ä¤@§å¬O1948¦~12¤ë®ü¬P¸¹¹B¥xªº200¸U¨â¡F²Ä¤G§å¬O1949¦~2¤ë7¤é¨ì9¤éªÅ¹Bªº55¸U¨â¡F²Ä¤T§å¬O1949¦~5¤ë¤¤¤U¦¯¡A¤W®ü²_³´«e¤i¡Aµn³°¸¥¹Bªº19¸U¨â¡F³Ì«á2§å«h¬O¬ü°ê¹B¦^ªº20¸U¨â¡AÁ`p297¸U¨â¡C ¥¡¦æ¨S¦³°O¸üªº¬O¹B¨ì·Hªùªº99¸U¨â¶Àª÷¡A¦]¬°³oµ§¶Àª÷¤w¸g¼·¤J°]°È¸p§@¬°¡u¹w¤äx¶O¡v¡C±q°ê¥vÀ]¸Ñ±Kªº¤å¥ó¤¤´N¥i¥Hµo²{¡A¥¡¦æÁ`µô«\ÂE¶v©ó1950¦~6¤ë2¤é§eµ¹´_¾ªº½±Á`²Îñ§e¡G¡u¦³º¡BÁJ¦U¦a¹B·Hªù³¡¤À¡Ap¯Âª÷78¸U¨â¡v¡A¡u¤¨¥ò®e»P¥xÆW¸gÀÙªº««Ø¡v³o¥»®Ñ¤]°O¸ü¡G¡u¤W®ü¡B¼s¦{¦U¦a¹B¨ì·Hªùªº¶Àª÷¬°78¸U¨â¡A¦b·Hªù¤wª½±µ¼·¥IÁp¶ÔÁ`³¡°]°È¸p70¸U¨â¡A¤Î¹B©¹Äõ¦{¡B¶Q¶§¤ä¥Ix¬F¶O8¸U¨â¡C¡v¥t¥~¨S¦³¦C¤J¬ö¿ýªºªñ20¸U¨â¶Àª÷¡A±À´ú¥i¯àÂk¤J¯µ±Kx¶O¡C Á`p¦]¬°¤º¾Ô¡A¥ý«á·h¨ì¥xÆW¤Î·Hªùªº¶Àª÷¼Æªñ400¸U¨â¡C
¡·¶Àª÷¬y¨¥ ¥H¥v©úÃè ³\¦h¤j³°¤H¦]¦¹»{¬°¡A´N¬O¦]¬°½±¤¶¥Û§â°ê®w³£·hªÅ¤F¡A¤~Åý¤j³°¤@½a¤G¥Õ¡F§õ±Î¬Æ¦Üª½«ü½±¤¶¥Û¬O¡u¥Î¥þ¤¤°êªº¿ú¡A«Ø³]¤F¤¤°êªº¤@Ó¬Ù¡Aµ¥©ó¬O§T³hÀÙ´I¡A¯Ô»~¤F¤j³°ªºµo®i¡C¡v §d¿³ó`»{¬°¡A³o³£¬OJ»¡¤K¹D¡C¥L»¡¡G¡y(ìµ)³oÓ¶Àª÷¥Dn¬O½±¤Ò¤H³X°Ý¥Õ®c¨Óªº¡C§Ú¤£¬O¥h§ä³oÓÀɮתº¸Ü¡A§Ú«ç»ò·|·Q¹³¸ò½±¤Ò¤H¦³Ãö«Y¡H¬O§a¡H¨º»ò¦oª§¨ú¨Óªº¡C¦Ó¥B¨ºÓ®ÉÔ¤@¦@¬O628¸U¨â¡A³oÓ¦a¤è§º¤l¤å´N½æ±¼¤F®t¤£¦h350¦h¸U¨â¡C¨º»òª÷¶ê¨é¥þ³¡§I¦^¨Óªº¶Àª÷¥u¦³101¸U¨â¡A§A¬Ý¡A¥L¤~®³¦^½æ¥X¥hªº¶Àª÷¤£¨ì¤T¤À¤§¤@¡C©Ò¥H«Ü¦h¤j³°ªºªB¤Í´NÁ¿¡A§A̧â¶Àª÷³£®³¨«¤F¡I§ÚÌ©Ò¥H¤j³°½a±o³oӼˤl¡I¨ä¹ê©O³oÓ³£¬OJ»¡¤K¹Dªº¸Ü¡A³£¸T¤£°_¦ÒÅ窺¡C¡z §d¿³ó`«ü¥X¡A±q´X¥ó¨Æ±¡´N¥i¥H¬Ý¥X¡A°ê¥Á¬F©²±q¥Á¶¡·j¨í¶Àª÷ªº¥»¨Æ¡A»·»·¤£¦p¤H¥Á¬F©²¡G1950¦~¨ì52¦~¡A¤H¥Á¬F©²n¡u¸ê¥»®a¡v®³¥X¶Àª÷´«¤H¥Á¹ô¡A¶È·Å¦{¦a°Ï´N¦¬¶i¶Àª÷9,625¨â¡F¦A®Ú¾Ú¡u®ý¦¿ª÷¿Ä¥v¡v°O¸ü¡A±q1966¦~8¤ë¨ì10¤ë©³¡A¤å²°Ê¶Ã¤¤¡AªC¦{¥«¦@¦¬§I¶Àª÷660¤ç¡A¬Û·í©ó1¸U¦h¨â¡F´X¥G¦P®É¡A¹çªi1Ó¦h¤ë´N¦¬§I¤F¶Àª÷632¤ç¡A±Nªñ1¸U¨â¡F¥t¥~¡A±q¡u·s¤¤°ê50¦~²Îp¸ê®Æ·J½s¡v·í¤¤¡A¤]µo²{¨ì1952¦~¡A¤j³°ªº¶Àª÷Àx³Æ¤w¹F500¸U¯s¥q¡A¦Ó¥B¤j³¡¤À³£¬O³q¹L¥Á¶¡§I´«±o¨Ó¡CÅã¥Ü½±¤¶¥Û¤£¶È¨S¦³±N¤j³°¥Á¶¡±ÇªÅ¡A¤¤¦@¬Æ¦Ü³ôºÙ¥v¤W³Ì·|§Û®aªº¬FÅv¡C ¦¹¥~¡A±q¬ü°ê¶R¦^¨Óªº¶Àª÷¡A´X¥G³£¬O¯Â«×°ª¹F99.9%ªº¨ªª÷¡A¨Ã¥B¦h¥b¬Oª÷¿j©Îª÷±ø¡A¥«³õ±µ¨ü«×°ª¡A®e©ö½æ¡F¦ý¥Îª÷¶ê¨é±q¥Á¶¡§I¦^¨Óªº¶Àª÷¡A¦h¥b¬O§C¯Â«×ªºKª÷©Î¹¢ª÷¡A¤£¦n½æ¡C¦]¦¹²{¦s¥x¥_°ê®w¸Ì¡AÁÙ¦³100¦h¸U¨â±q¤j³°¹B¨Óªº¶Àª÷¡A´N¬O¥Hª÷¶ê¨é§I¦^¨Óªº¥Á¶¡¶Àª÷©~¦h¡C §d¿³ó`«ü¥X¡A¯d¦b·Hªùªº¶Àª÷³Ì«á¨Ã¨S¦³§¹¥þ¯d¦b¤j³°¨Ï¥Î¡A¦Ü¤Ö¦³30¸U¨â¦b¸Ñ©ñx«Â¯Ù¨ìºÖ«Øªu®ü®É¡A¹B¨ì¥xÆW¡C ¤¤¥¡»È¦æ¶Àª÷¦¬¥I³ø§iÀɮפ¤¤]°O¸ü¡A¹B¨Óªº¶Àª÷·í¤¤¡A¥Î¦b¤j³°ªºx¬F¶O¬O61¸U¨â¡F¦Ó¥Î¦b¥xÆWªºx¶O¡A¶È¶È1950¦~´N°ª¹F81¸U¨â¡F¨ä¥¦Âà¥Ñ¥xÆW»È¦æ½æ¨ì¥Á¶¡ªº¶Àª÷¬O153¸U¨â¡A®w¦s¶Àª÷«h¬O100¦h¸U¨â¡C
³o¨Ç±q¤j³°·h¨Óªº¶Àª÷¡AÁ`ºâÅý¥xÆW¼µ¨ì¤FÁú¾ÔÃzµo¡Bµ¥¨ì¤F¬ü´©¡F¤]¦b°ê¥Á¬F©²°h¦u¥xÆWªì´Á¡A°µ¬°·s¥x¹ôµo¦æ·Ç³Æª÷¡B¹ï¥~ÁʶR³¹¡Bx¤õ¡Aéw¤F¥xÆW¸gÀÙ¡Bx¤ß»P¥Á¤ß¡C ¦b¡u¶Àª÷©¹¨Æ¡v³o¥»®Ñ¸Ì¡A§@ªÌ§d¿³ó`¥Î¥v®ÆÃÒ©ú¥Lªº¤÷¿Ë¨S¦³®³°ê®w¸Ìªº¤@¤ò¿ú¡A¤]¼á²M³\¦h¸ò°ê©²¶Àª÷¦³Ãöªº¬y¨¥¡F³Ì«nªº¬O¡AÂç²M¦b¤º¾Ô®É´Á¡A°ê©²¥Îª÷¶ê¨é§I¨Óªº¥Á¯×¥Á»I¡A¦p¤µ¤j³¡¤À¤´©ñ¦b¥x¥_°ê®w¸Ì¡C§Æ±æ¦³¤@¤Ñ¡A³oµ§¥Î·í¦~³\¦h¦Ñ¦Ê©m¨®a©Ê©R´«¨Óªº¦å¦½¿ú¡A¦b«O¦í¤¤µØ¥Á°ê¤@½u©R¯ß¤§«á¡AÁÙ¯à¶i¤@¨B¬Ý¨ì¦p¤µ¦b¥xÆW½´«kµo®i¡B±o¨Ó¤£©öªº¥Á¥D¦Û¥Ñ¡A³vº¥¼vÅT¤j³°¥¼¨Óªºµo®i¡AÅý¤j³°ªº¥Á²³¤]¯à¦]¦¹¨ü¯q¡C¦p¦¹¡A¨ú¤§©ó¥Á¡A¥Î¤§©ó¥Á¡A¤]¤~¤£ªPt¤F³oµ§¥Á¯×¥Á»I¤F¡C
¦Ê¸U³s¸p±ÀˬF©²¡A¥H®Ö¾iºñ«±Ò®Ö¥|~~ https://blog.xuite.net/tomschen/blog
|
|
Light
§Ú¬Oµæ³¾
499 Posts |
Posted - 11/01/2019 : 05:36:02
|
¬Ý¨ì³oÓ¡A¬O¤£¬On§ó¤Ï«ä¦Ñ½±¤ä«ù³¯¯Ç¼w¨ì©³¬O¤£¬O²z´¼ªº¡C³o¡u¤Q¸U¡v¬üx¡A¤j³¡¤À¬O14¯èªÅxªº¤Hû¡C
General Wedemeyer had advantages when dealing with Chiang that General Stilwell lacked. Freed of overseeing Chinese operations in Burma, Wedemeyer also relinquished the role of Chinese lend-lease administrator. He was more tactful than Stilwell and better able to get along personally with Chiang. He also benefited from dramatic increases in Air Transport Command strength. In October 1944 almost 300 aircraft flew 35,131 tons of supplies over the Hump, four times the monthly tonnage of the previous year. Yet Wedemeyer still had only a small advisory force of about 4,800 officers and men attached to the Training Centers, the Y-Force, and the badly mauled Z-Force. Indeed, most supplies for the first Thirty Division plan and the approved 10 percent of supplies for the second Thirty Division plan still remained in India awaiting either airlift or the reopening of the Burma Road. Not until the overland route reopened could Wedemeyer's logisticians hope to deliver sufficient supplies and equipment to sustain even two and a half divisions per month.
¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w ¹ï¾ú¥v¬ã¨sªÌ¦Ó¨¥¡A³Ì¨ë¿EªÌ¡AµL¹L©ó¦b¾ú¥v©M¶Ç»¡¤§¶¡¡A§ä¨ì¤F³Ì§¹¾ãªº¬G¨Æ¡C¢w¢w ºq¼w |
|
|
BlueWhaleMoon
§Ú¬O¦Ñ³¾
13032 Posts |
Posted - 11/01/2019 : 10:17:39
|
¬üx¦b^°ê¬O^°ê¤H¥I¿úÁÙ¬O¬ü°ê¤H¥I¿ú?
(ªk°êÀ³¸Ó¬O¨S¥I¿ú)
°ê¥Á¬F©²¬°¤F²Ä¤Q¥|¯èªÅx¨ì©³§ë¤J¦h¤Ö
³oÓijÃD¦n¹³¨S¦³¤Ó¦h¬ã¨s |
|
|
¤¾¤þ
ª©¥D
Taiwan
16098 Posts |
|
Light
§Ú¬Oµæ³¾
499 Posts |
Posted - 11/01/2019 : 13:20:22
|
¦b^°ê©M¤¤°ê³£¬O¬ü°ê¤H¥I¿ú¡A·í®É¬ü°ê´£¨Ñªº¯²Éªk®×ÁÙ¦³¶U´Úµ¥©ó¬O¬ü°ê¥ý¹Ô¿úµ¹·ù°ê¥Î¡AµM«á¬üx¦b·ù°ê·í¦a¥Ñ·ù°ê¬F©²¤ä¥X®ø¶Oª÷ÃB¦A±q¤¤©èÀv¡AºÙ°µ¡uªð¯²Éªk®×¡v¡]Reverse Lend-Lease¡^¡Aµ¥©ó¬OÁÙ¬ü°ê¤H¿ú¡C^°ê«È½ü¹B¬ü°ê¤j§L¨ì^°êªº¶O¥Î¡A¬ü°ê¤j§L¦b^°êªºÀçªÙ¡B¹ª«¡AÁÙ¦³¥ð¶¢®T¼Öªº¸É¶Kµ¥µ¥¡A³£¬O§@»ù©èÀv¡C¤¤°ê³z¹L¾m®pªÅ¹B¦^µ{¹B¥Xªº½ÞÃO»P¿ü¿õ¡BÂë¿õ¡A¬üx¦bµØªºÀçªÙ¡B¦Y¹µ¥µ¥¤]¬O±q¯²Éªk®×¤¤§@»ù§éÀv¡C©Ò¥H¤£¯à»¡¬O¤¤°êt¾á¬üx¤ä¥X¡C
³oµ§¤ä¥X¤¤¬ü¶¡ª§§nªºÄpµ²¦b©ó¶×²v¡A©Ò¿×1944¦~10¤ëªk¹ô10»õ¨ì1945¦~200»õ¡A¥Dn¬Oªk¹ô¶SÈ¡C»¡¬O52»õ¬ü¤¸¡B10»õ¬ü¤¸¡A³£¬O¥H¾Ô«e¶×²v¨Óºâ¡Fªk¹ô¹ê»Ú¶S¤F¤£¥u¤¿¡A±q1937¦~¨ì1945¦~¤j·§¶S¤F2400¦h¿¡A¨ºÓ¶Å¥D·|ªÖ¥Î³o¾Ô«e¶×²v¨Óºâ¡H
¬ü°ê¾ãÓ¤j¾Ô´Á¶¡µ¹¤¤°ê7»õ¶U´Ú¡A1942-1945¤T¦~¤º¤¤°ê¨ÑÀ³¥§¡¼Æ¸U¬üx¦Y¹´Nªá¤F10»õ¡H¬üx¦çª«¸Ë³Æ¨Tªo¨®½ø³£¬O¬ü°ê¦Û¤vªÅ¹B¶i¨Ó¡A¥u¦³¦í±J¡B¬~º°¡B¦Y¹¡]³¡¤À¡^¬O¤¤°ê¬F©²¨ÑÀ³¡]§@»ù©èÀv¶U´Ú©M¯²Éªk®×¡^¡A³o¼Ë¤@¦~¤T»õ¡HY¥Î6¸U¤H¥§¡¡A¤@¤H¤@¦~5000¬ü¤¸¡H·í¦~¤@½øÃ⨮¤]¤£¹L¤~500¬ü¤¸¡A¬üx¤@¯ë¤h§L¤ëÁ~55-65¬ü¤¸¤W¤U¡A±L©x¬ù150-220¬ü¤¸¥ª¥k¡C·íµM¤¤°ê¬F©²·í®É¸êª÷¤£¨¬¡At¾á«Ü«¡A¦ý¬ü°ê¤H¤]¦P·N¨C¤ëÃB¥~¤ä¥I¬üª÷¡A¦Ó¤£¥Î©èÀv¤è¦¡¡A¦ý´N¬O¦]¬°³o¶×²v¦Ó½Í¤£Ãl¡C
¦Ü©ó¶Àª÷¡A¬ü°ê°]¬F³¡¬Oªý¼¸ÁÙ¬O¾á¤ß°ê©²ª÷¿Ä¬Fµ¦¶Ã·d¡AÁÙ«ÜÃø»¡¡C°ê©²¦b1943¦~¤¤¤@¤è±¶}©ñ¶Àª÷¶R½æ¡A¤@¤è±¤S°ª§Q§l¦¬¶Àª÷©Mªk¹ô¦s´Ú¡A¦ü¥G§âª÷¿Ä§Ë±o§óÁV¡C½æ¥Xªº¶Àª÷¦¨¬°Åv¶Q©M¦³ªù¸ôªº¤Hµo°êÃø°]ªº³~®|¡A§l¦¬ªº¶Àª÷¦s´Ú¦b1945¦~¤¤±j¢¦s¤á®½Äm40%¡Aµ¥©ó¬O·m§T¡A«H¥ÎÄY«¨ü·l¡C³o¤è±¨ä¹êÁÙ¦³«Ü¦hªF¦è¨S¦³²`¤J«õ±¸¡C ¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w ¹ï¾ú¥v¬ã¨sªÌ¦Ó¨¥¡A³Ì¨ë¿EªÌ¡AµL¹L©ó¦b¾ú¥v©M¶Ç»¡¤§¶¡¡A§ä¨ì¤F³Ì§¹¾ãªº¬G¨Æ¡C¢w¢w ºq¼w |
Edited by - Light on 11/02/2019 07:03:39 |
|
|
¤¾¤þ
ª©¥D
Taiwan
16098 Posts |
Posted - 11/02/2019 : 12:40:28
|
«ÂI¤£¦b©ó¶×²v¡A¦Ó¬OÅܬ۪º¥ª¤â¶i¥k¤â¥Xµ¹¾nµØ¬üx §ó¾÷¨®ªº¬O©ì©µ´Ú¶µ¤£¥æ¥I¤U½Ön¥ý¥I¿ú¡H ·íµM¬O¦´N¯}²£ªº°ê©² ©Ò¥H±q½s¦~¥v®Æ¨Ó¬Ý¡A¬Oµo¥Í©ì´Ú¤~¦³«áÄò¹Ô¥I»P¦s´Ú³QAªºª¬ªp
¦Ê¸U³s¸p±ÀˬF©²¡A¥H®Ö¾iºñ«±Ò®Ö¥|~~ https://blog.xuite.net/tomschen/blog
|
|
|
LUMBER
§Ú¬O¦Ñ³¾
Taiwan
8485 Posts |
Posted - 11/02/2019 : 13:22:44
|
quote: ¤¤°ê³z¹L¾m®pªÅ¹B¦^µ{¹B¥Xªº½ÞÃO»P¿ü¿õ¡BÂë¿õ¡A¬üx¦bµØªºÀçªÙ¡B¦Y¹µ¥µ¥¤]¬O±q¯²Éªk®×¤¤§@»ù§éÀv¡C©Ò¥H¤£¯à»¡¬O¤¤°êt¾á¬üx¤ä¥X¡C
¯²¸Ñªk®×¤w¸g³W©w¤F¨Ï¥Îªº¶µ¥Ø¸ò¸ê·½¡A©Ò¥H¦³¤HÅ¥¹L«X°ê¶}©ñ´ä¤f¬O¥Ñ¬ü°ê¥I¿úªº¶Ü¡H ¾÷³õ¦Û¤v¶}¡A¥ë¹¦Û¤v¿ì¡A³o¨Ç·íªì¬Ý¬ö¿ý¤ù¥Î¤H¤âºu¥X¨ÓªºªF¦è¡A²{¦bÁ¿¤@Á¿´NÅܦ¨¯²Éªk®×ªº°Õ¡H ²Ä¤@¬[B-29¸¨ì¤¤°ê®É¡A¶]¹D³£ÁÙ¨S°µ§¹©O¡C
©Ò¥H¬üx¦b^°ê¤Îªk°êªº¤ä¥X¡A³£¤£·|ºâ¦b¨ä¥L°ê®a¨¤W¡C©M¥®É´Á¤~·|·Ó»ù¥t¥~¦ôºâ¡Cµwnºâ¯²Éªk®×¡A§Ú̳£ª¾¹D°ê©²®³¨ìªº¥i¯à³s¹w©w¦a¤Q¤À¤§¤@³£¨S¦³¡C³»¦h´N°ï¦b¦L«×µM«á³Q^°ê¾ã¸J±·¥h¡Cµ²ªG¬Æ»ò³£¨Sºâ¨ì¡A´N¥ý³q³q³Q¦³¥ß³õ¸ò©úÅã°¾¨£ªº»¡ªkµ¹·í¦¨³q³q³£¨S¥I¥X¡H
¬üxª½±µ«ü´§ªº¤Hû ÁÙn¦A¥]¬A³Á·çº¸¬ðÀ»¶¤+³ÌÀu¥ý¨Ñµ¹ªºOSS¤Hû¡A¥t¥~OSS¶±¥Îªº¬ðÀ»¶¤û(¨Ï¥Î¬ü±ñ)¡C³o¨Ç³£¬O«á¨Ó¦³¤H§åµû°ê©²¦³®³¨ì¬ü±ñªºÃB¥~ÅG¸Ñ¡C
¥t¥~¤]³\ÁÙn¦A¥[¤W¯Â¹B¸Éªº²Ä¤Q¯èªÅx ¥H¤Î®Ú¥»¨S¥Î¦b¤¤°êªº²Ä¤G¤Q¯èªÅx¡]«á¨ÓªºªÅ¤¤¾Ô²¤¥q¥O³¡¡^
¤@Ó¯èªÅx¤Q¸U¤H¡H ¦³¨S¦³¾aÃÐÂIªº»¡©úªü¡H ¤£¥Î®³²Ä¤Q¥|¯èªÅx ®³¨ä¥Lªº¤]¦æ µ¹¤pªº¶}¶}²´¬É¦p¦ó¡H
±q³¡Äݦb¦¨³£ªºB-29¥t¥~¬O¥Ñ²Ä¤G¤Q¯èªÅxt³d ÁÙ¦³ÃB¥~ªº¥|Ó¦b¦L«×ªº³s¶¤t³d°ò¦aÀç¹B¸ò¹B¸É ³Ìªì´Á±Nªñ¤¤Q¬[¹B¿é¾÷t³d±q¾m®p¯è½uªºª½±µ¤ä´© ª½±µ¥Ñªü¿Õ¼w³°¯è¥q¥Ot³d«ü´§
³o¨Ç¥þ³¡ºâ¨ìµ¹°ê©²ªº¯²Éªk®×³á......
ù´µºÖ¥»¨ªº¬ö¿ý¬O«Ü®e©ö»¡¦n ¥u¬O©³¤Uªº¤H¹ï¤¶¤J¾Ôª§ªºª½±µ»P§_«Ü¤¶·N.... |
Edited by - LUMBER on 11/02/2019 13:47:24 |
|
|
Light
§Ú¬Oµæ³¾
499 Posts |
Posted - 11/02/2019 : 14:22:19
|
¹Ô¥Iªº¨S¦³¨º»ò¦h¦n¤£¦n¡H1942¦~¥v}«Â¤â¤U¤~1000¦h¤H¡A³¯¯Ç¼wÁÙ¨S¿W¥ß¦¨x¡A³W¼ÒÁÙ¤p¡A¥¿¦b³v¨B½Õ¤J¸¾÷©M¤Hû¡A¨ì1943¦~¿W¥ß¦¨x¤~¶}©l¿±µÈ¡C
As of 15 March 1944, the open-market rate for the U.S. dollar in Kunming (rates varied from city to city) was 230 to 1. If the Chinese Government insisted on making its dollars available at only 20 to 1, U.S. expenditures in March, for example, would be equal to what would be permitted by purchasing U.S. $2,000,000 worth of currency in the open market. Since the actual exchange rate was working ever upward, Chinese insistence on 20 to 1 would ultimately force American units limited to U.S. $25,000,000 a month to withdraw from China. Conversely, if the United States acquiesced in the Chinese demand for the 20 to 1 rate, while the Chinese continued to finance their war by paper money, and the Chinese banks continued to lend to speculators who drove up the price level, the United States would ultimately be spending its dollars by the billion merely to clothe and feed a few thousand Americans in China.9
1944¦~3¤ë¡A©ø©ú¶×²v¬O230¤ñ1¡A¦Ñ½±n¨D¬ü°ê¥H20¤ñ1ªº¶×²vpºâ¡C
¬üxª½±µ«ü´§ªº¤Hû¤£¦b¤¤°êªº¡A«ç»ò·|ºâ¦b¸Ì±¡H³Á·çº¸¬ðÀ»¶¤¦b¦L«×°V½m¡A¦b½q¨l§@¾Ô¡A²Ä¤Q¯èªÅx¦b¦L«×¡A¸ò¤¤°ê¨S¦³Ãö«Y¡A¥b¤ò¿ú¤]¤£¥Î¥I¡C
OSS ¦b1945¦~«e¦b¤¤°ê¤~¦h¤Ö¤H¡H
¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w ¹ï¾ú¥v¬ã¨sªÌ¦Ó¨¥¡A³Ì¨ë¿EªÌ¡AµL¹L©ó¦b¾ú¥v©M¶Ç»¡¤§¶¡¡A§ä¨ì¤F³Ì§¹¾ãªº¬G¨Æ¡C¢w¢w ºq¼w |
Edited by - Light on 11/02/2019 14:22:58 |
|
|
LUMBER
§Ú¬O¦Ñ³¾
Taiwan
8485 Posts |
Posted - 11/02/2019 : 15:00:29
|
§º¤Ò¤H¤]¬O¦b1943¦~6¤ë¦b¬ü°ê½Í³o¨Çªº ®É¶¡¬Ûªñ |
|
|
¤¾¤þ
ª©¥D
Taiwan
16098 Posts |
Posted - 11/02/2019 : 17:10:27
|
Ó¤H¤£·|½Í¸¾÷Ô£°ªº¡A¦]¬°¸òù´µºÖ©Ó¿Õªº®t¤Ó¦h ´N§â¦Ñ¬ü©Ó¿Õªº´Ú¶µ»P¹ê»Ú¼·¥I¨ì°ê®wªº®É¶¡¦C¥X¤£´Nµ²§ô¤F
¦Ê¸U³s¸p±ÀˬF©²¡A¥H®Ö¾iºñ«±Ò®Ö¥|~~ https://blog.xuite.net/tomschen/blog
|
|
|
Light
§Ú¬Oµæ³¾
499 Posts |
Posted - 11/02/2019 : 23:20:32
|
¹ï§r¡A§â´Ú¶µ©M®É¶¡¦C¥X¨Ó¤£´Nµ²¤F¡H
§Ú»¡§nªº¬O¶×²v°ÝÃD¡A§Ú¶K¥X¨Ó¤F¡C¤¾¤þ¥S»¡°ÝÃD¬O©ì¤í¨S¥I¡A¨º¸Ó§A°µ¥\½Ò¤F¡C
¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w ¹ï¾ú¥v¬ã¨sªÌ¦Ó¨¥¡A³Ì¨ë¿EªÌ¡AµL¹L©ó¦b¾ú¥v©M¶Ç»¡¤§¶¡¡A§ä¨ì¤F³Ì§¹¾ãªº¬G¨Æ¡C¢w¢w ºq¼w |
Edited by - Light on 11/03/2019 01:10:52 |
|
|
Light
§Ú¬Oµæ³¾
499 Posts |
Posted - 11/02/2019 : 23:31:24
|
¼Ó¤W¬Y¦ì¤¯¥S¤S¦b»yµLÛ¦¸¤F¡C
B-29¦b¦L«×ªº°ò¦aÁp¶¤¤]ºâ°ê©²ªº¯²Éªk®×¡H²Ä¤Q¥|¯èªÅx©M¤G¤QÅF¬µ«ü´§³¡ªº¸Ë³Æ¡B¤Hû¡B¸Éµ¹¡B¹s¥ó¤]ºâ°ê©²¯²Éªk®×¡H¯u¬O.....
©ú©ú«e±¤w¸g»¡¤F¬O¬üx¦bµØ¤Hûªº¦í±J¡B¬~º°¡B¦Y¹¤~¬O¥Ñ°ê©²¨ÑÀ³¡AµM«á©èÀv¯²Éªk®×ªº´©§U¡]¦^´f¯²É Reverse Leand-Lease¡^¡C¨ä¥L°ê®a¤]¤@¼Ë¡A¬O¬Ý¤£À´¤¤¤å¶Ü¡H
¬JµM¬Ý¤£À´¤¤¤å¡A¨º´N¶K^¤å¡G
EM 13: How Shall Lend-Lease Accounts Be Settled? (1945)
By Horace Taylor Professor of Economics, Columbia University (Published January 1945)
Reverse lend-lease in the Pacific
In the war against Japan, the Australians and New Zealanders have supplied hundreds ,of millions of dollars of reverse lend-lease aid to the United States. Up to June 30, 1944 Australia provided our forces with over a million and a quarter pounds of food, as well as blankets, socks, shoes, and other articles of GI clothing. She has built barracks, airfields, hospitals, and recreational centers and furnished landing craft, motor transport, telephone and telegraph facilities, and numerous other services. Altogether, to June 30, 1944, Australia had spent about 550 million dollars on reverse lend-lease aid.
New Zealand, which has a population of only 1,650,000, and much slenderer resources than Australia (population 7,000,000), has made available to our military personnel almost 580,000,000 pounds of food, as well as camps, warehouses, hospitals, small ships, and other equipment. New Zealand¡¦s total expenditures on reverse lend-lease aid to the United States amounted to more than 131 million dollars on June 30, 1944.
All in all, we received from Australia and New Zealand during the summer of 1944 reverse lend-lease supplies at a greater rate (in dollar value) than the lend-lease goods we sent them.
Had it been necessary to ship from America the goods furnished by Australia and New Zealand under reverse lend-lease, hundreds of thousands of tons of shipping space would have been required. Such shipments would have hindered the transport of munitions and other materiel to the Pacific war theater.
¦b¯Ã¦èÄõªº¬üx¥§¡¬ù3¸U¤H¡A¨ì1944¦~¤¤¬°¤î¯Ã¦èÄõªá¤F1.31»õ¬ü¤¸¦b¦^´f¯²É¡F¬üx¦b¿D¬w¨ì1943¦~©³¦³25¸U¤H¡A¨ì1944¦~¤¤¿D¬wªá¤F5.5»õ¬ü¤¸¦b¦^´f¯²É¡F¥L̤@¼Ë¤]«Ø¾÷³õ¡B«ØÀçªÙµ¥µ¥¡C¦A¤ñ¸û¤@¤U«e±¨ÑÀ³´X¸U¤Hªº10»õ¬ü¤¸¡B52»õ¬ü¤¸¡A§A»¡½Ö·|Ä@·N·í³Í¤l¡H
¦Ó¥B¬ü°ê¤H¤]¦P·N¥t¥~µ¹¿ú¡A¤£¥Î¦^´f¯²É¦©©èªº¤è¦¡¡A¦ý´N¬O¶×²v½Í¤£Ãl¡C
¬üx¦Û¤vªº¸¾÷¡B¸Ë³Æ¡B¹s¥ó¡Bªo®Æ¡BxªA¡B¨®½ø¡A³£¤£ÄÝ©ó¯²Éªk®×ªº½dÃ¥¡A¬O¥L̦ۤvªº±b¡C¥u¦³¥æ¨ì¤¤°êªÅx©M³°x¤â¤¤¤~ºâ¹ïµØ¯²É¡]Lend-Lease¡^ªº¤@³¡¤À¡C
¦]¬°ªÅ¹B¶q¤£°÷¡A¦b¦L«×°ï¿nªºª«¸ê¡A¦pªG³Q^°êÂà¥Î¡Aºâ¦b¹ï^¯²Éªº±b¤W¡A¤£ºâ¹ïµØ¯²É¡C±b«Ü²M·¡¡A¨S¦³»¡§â^°ê®³¨«ªºªF¦èºâ¦b¹ïµØ¯²É¤§¨Æ¡C³o¨Æ¦b¾m®pªÅ¹B¦´Á´N§Î¦¨SOP¡C
°ÝÃD¬O¦Ñ½±»{¬°¥un¬O¦bµØ²±¹y¤Uq³æ¡AªF¦è´N¬O¤¤°êªº¡A¦ý¬OªÅ¹B¶q¤£¨¬¡A¤@Ó¤ë¤~´X¤d¾·¡A¦b¦L«×°ï¤F¦n´X¸U¾·¡C³o¨Çª«¸ê·|ù×·|Ãa¡A^°ê¤Hn¨D¬ü°ê¥ýÂà¥Î¤¤ªF©M¦L«×¡]·íµM¬O¨«¹ï^¯²Éªº±b¡^¡A¬ü°ê¤]¦P·N¡A¦Ñ½±¤j«ã¡Cµ²ªG¬Où´µºÖ¿Ë¦Û¤z¹w¡A¤U¥O¦b¦L«×°ï¿nªºª«¸ê¦b¤À¬£¹B¿é«e¡Aºâ¬O¬ü°êªº¡AµM«á¬Ý¹Bµ¹½Ö¡A¦U¨«¦Uªº±b¡A¦Ñ½±¤~¨S¸Ü»¡¡C
¤¤°ê®³¨ì¬ü´©ªºÅG¸Ñ¥i¨S¦³¸£´Ý¨ì»¡¤°»ò³Á·çº¸¬ðÀ»¶¤©MOSSªº¡A»¡¨ºÓ¥u·|¶M¯º¤j¤è¡A§O¶Ã½s¡C
¤ý¤l§§¤é°O²Ä¤E¥U¡A¥Á°ê¤T¤Q¤T¦~¡A¤Q¤ë¤»¤é¡A²Ä403¶¡C
¡u¬ü°ê¥ÎªÅ¹Bª«¸ê¥H±µÀÙ§^°ê¡A¦Ó§^°ê¤´¦b¸`¸`¥¢±Ñ¡A¦¹°ê»ÚÁֽפ§¤£º¡¡C¤W¬P´Á¥¿¤Ï¬M©ó^¬Ûªô¦Nº¸¦b¤U°|¤§³ø§i¡Aþ³¿×¬ü°êÁö¥H¹L¥÷¤§´©§U¤©¤¤°ê¦Ó¤´¥¢±Ñ¡A·¥¬°¿ò¾Ñµ¥»y¡C§Úx¨Æµo¨¥¤H¤D»¡©ú¬ü°êª«¸ê¨Ñµ¹¤¤°ê¤§¯u¹³¡A¨C¤ë¤G¸U¾·¦h¬°¨Ñµ¹¬üªÅx¤Q¥|¯èªÅ¶¤¤Î¤¤¬ü²V¦X¤j¶¤¡A¨ä«á¯à§U§Úx¶¤ªÌ¤w¬Æ·L¡C¡v
¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w ¹ï¾ú¥v¬ã¨sªÌ¦Ó¨¥¡A³Ì¨ë¿EªÌ¡AµL¹L©ó¦b¾ú¥v©M¶Ç»¡¤§¶¡¡A§ä¨ì¤F³Ì§¹¾ãªº¬G¨Æ¡C¢w¢w ºq¼w |
Edited by - Light on 11/03/2019 09:12:04 |
|
|
LUMBER
§Ú¬O¦Ñ³¾
Taiwan
8485 Posts |
Posted - 11/03/2019 : 16:05:05
|
¯²Éªk®×ªº¹B¶q¨ü¨ì¬üxÅF¬µ¾÷ªºµ¹¾i¡A¦ÓÀ½À£¨ì¹B¿é¾÷À³¸Ó¹B¨ì¤¤°êªº¹B¶q¡A¬O¬ã¨sªÌ²³¤H¬Òª¾ªº¨Æ¹ê¡C
J»¡¤K¹D³á¡H«¢«¢ Á¿¥Õ¤F¡A¦Ó³o¤@³¡¤À¤¤¬üµ²²M¹L¨S¡H n¬Ý¤¤°ê±o¨ì¦h¤ÖªZ¾¹¹B¶q®É¡A¸¾÷¥Îªº¼uÃĸòªo®Æ¥þ³£¥X²{¦b²M³æ¤W¡C§Aºâ¤£ºâ(¯º
quote: ±b«Ü²M·¡¡A¨S¦³»¡§â^°ê®³¨«ªºªF¦èºâ¦b¹ïµØ¯²É¤§¨Æ¡C³o¨Æ¦b¾m®pªÅ¹B¦´Á´N§Î¦¨SOP¡C
¦ó®Éºâªº¡H ¤G¤Q¤@¥@¬ö°Q½×³oÓªº®ÉÔ¡A¬ü°ê¤£ºÞ¸ò½Ön³£¨Sµª®×¡A³Ì«á¨âªÅ¤F³á ¢á¢Ý¢Þù(¯º §AÙTªº³á(¯º
¼g¤¤¤å´N¶}©l¶ÃÙT¤F ·|¤£·|¤Ó¦n¯º¤F
¬ü°ê¦b¿D¬w25¸U¤Hªá¤F5.5»õ¬ü¤¸ ¬ü°ê¦b¤¤°ê10¸U¤Hªá¤F¶È¬ù600¸U¬ü¤¸¦Ó¤w³á
¼g¤F^¤å¬Ý°_¨Ó¥¿¦¡¥¿¦¡¡Aµ²ªG³s¤å¸Ì¬ü°êµ¹¤F¦h¤Ö³£¨S¬Ý²M·¡©O
¯u¦n¯º©O¡A¤j¤j
¤Þ¥Î¦W¨¥¦h¤Ö³£¬O¯º¸Ü©O
|
|
|
Light
§Ú¬Oµæ³¾
499 Posts |
Posted - 11/07/2019 : 10:15:51
|
·¨®æ¤]»{爲¶×²v°ÝÃD¬Û·í¤j¡C¦Ü©ó¬ü°ê³°x¤ä¥Iªº¶O¥Î¥L¦b³oùؤ]´£¨ì¡C1944¦~´N¬O¶×²v§n³Ì¥ûªº®ÉÔ¡A¦]爲1943¦~©³·¨®æ¦Û¤v»¡¥L¤@Âù¾c®³¥h´«¾c¸òªá¤F330ªk¹ô¡A¦pªG«ö·Ó¦Ñ½±°í«ùªº¶×²v¡An16.5¬ü¤¸¡C«e±´£¹L¬ü°ê¤h§LÁ~¤ô¡A³o¬Û·í©ó¥L̤@Ó¤ëÁ~¤ôªº¤¤À¤§¤@¡C³o¤Þ°_¬ü°êª½±µµ¹¾nµØ¬üxµo¬ü¶r¦Ó¤£¬Oµoªk¹ô¡]¦]爲ªk¹ô¦b¯Ã¬ù¸ò¤¤°ê¤¤¥¡»È¦æ´«¬O20¤ñ¤@¡A¾nµØ¬üx¤h§Lµ¥©ó¬O¤@Ó¤ë¥u¦³1600¦hªk¹ô¡^¡AµM«á³o¨Ç¬ü¶r¶i¤J¤¤°ê¶Â¥«¡A§ó§Uªø³q³f¿±µÈ¡A¾nµØ¬üx¶V¦h¡A±¡ªp´N§óÄY«¡C
Young, Arthur N., China and the Helping Hand, 1937-1945, pp.400-401
Besides the US$500 million credit, the United States provided large dollar resources to China through payments made to acquire local currency. This may be considered to involve aid, since the dollars were provided at rates much in excess of the fair value of the money which China provided. Because of China's weak financial position, the United States paid cash for the currency instead of claiming it as reverse Lend-Lease. Altogether the United States paid China US$392 million for American army costs: US$i million in 1941-1942; US$110 million in 1943; US$51 million in 1944; and US$230 million in 1945.
Besides, the United States paid about US$48 million to mid-1944 to buy strategic goods from China. These payments, totaling about US$440 million, were primarily valuable to China by adding to resources for postwar needs and afforded some offset for the damage to China from the more rapid inflation caused by American military operations.
How to pay for growing military operations in China's weak economy was a major problem. Only by running the printing presses harder could China provide the additional money needed. Would the gain from particular projects exceed the detriment from faster inflation? Notably in the case of the long-range B-29 bombing operation based in West China in 1944-1945, the detriment overbalanced the gain.
The division of costs between China and the United States and the rate of payment in dollars for the American share became sore issues. China insisted stubbornly for many months on being paid at the unchanging official rate of 20 to 1, even though prices in China were rising rapidly. I felt then, and still feel, that China should have been more accommodating to the American viewpoint. But, whatever the justification, the result of China's attitude was damaging. The quarrel left a feeling that China was trying to exploit the United States. China indeed was able to build up large dollar reserves. But in parallel she built up large ill will. The issue was finally compromised, but only after bitter argument. This friction became merged with other frictions over material aid and military policy. How bad Chinese-American and Chinese-British relations became during much of this period has not been generally realized. It suited the countries, as Allies, to play down the friction. But it was there none the less, and strongly colored events in 1944-1945. Moreover, it helped to set the scene for post- war relations with China.
¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w ¹ï¾ú¥v¬ã¨sªÌ¦Ó¨¥¡A³Ì¨ë¿EªÌ¡AµL¹L©ó¦b¾ú¥v©M¶Ç»¡¤§¶¡¡A§ä¨ì¤F³Ì§¹¾ãªº¬G¨Æ¡C¢w¢w ºq¼w |
Edited by - Light on 11/07/2019 12:54:20 |
|
|
Light
§Ú¬Oµæ³¾
499 Posts |
Posted - 11/07/2019 : 15:26:42
|
¬°¤°»ò·¨®æ»{¬°¶×²v°ÝÃD«Ü¤j¡H§O§Ñ¤F¸ò¤¤°ê½Í¶×²v½Í¤£¤U¨Óªº¬O¬ü°ê°]¬F³¡¡A¨ºµ¹¶Àª÷ªº©O¡H¤]¬O¬ü°ê°]¬F³¡¡I
¬ü°ê°]¬F³¡ªø¼¯®Ú±ô¦b1943¦~¤¤¦P·Nµ¹¤¤°ê¨â»õ¬ü¤¸ªº¶Àª÷¡]±q¬ü°ê´£¨Ñªº¤»õ¬ü¤¸¶U´Ú¤¤¤ä¥X¡^¡A¨Ã¥B«ü¼·¨â¤d¸U¬ü¤¸ªº¶Àª÷¦bÁp·Ç»È¦æ°¨¤W¥i¥Î¡A¦ý¬°±±¨î²{ª÷¬y¡A¨äÄݤU©xû§Æ±æ¦b¯Ã¬ùÁp·Ç»È¦æ«Ø¥ß¤@¤d¸U¬üª÷ªº¶Àª÷´`Àô«H¥ÎÃB«×¡]¬Û·í©ó10¾·¶Àª÷¡^¡A¥Î¥HÀH®É¼·¹B¶Àª÷¡F¦pªG¶Àª÷§C©ó³oÓÃB«×¡A¬ü°ê°]¬F³¡·|¸É¤W¡C
·¨®æ«Øij¤¤°ê±µ¨ü³oºØ¦h¦¸¤pÃBªº¹B§@¤è¦¡¡A¦]¬°¥Lª¾¹D¬ü°ê°]¬F³¡¤£·QnÃB¥~¶U´Ú½Õ«×ÀY¤o·Ç³Æ¤jÃB¶Àª÷¡F¦Ó¥B³oºc¦¨©w³W¬yµ{«á¡A¤¤°ê¯à¹B¨«¨Ã½æ¥X¦h¤Ö¡A¬ü°ê°]¬F³¡´N¸É¦h¤Ö¡A¤£·|¦³¤°»ò°ÝÃD¡C¦ý¬O¤Õ²»º³¤£¾å±o°ò©ó¤°»ò²z¥Ñ¡A¤@ª½n¨Dn¤Ö¦¸¤jÃB¡A¦¹¨Æ´N¨S¦¨¬°©w³W¡C¦Ó¤Õ²»º³¦b1943¦~¤U¥b¦~¤]¨S¦³¯S§O«æ¡A¦]¬°¶Àª÷¦b1943¦~9¤ë¶}½æ¡A¨ì¦~©³¤~½æ¤F¬ùÈ32¸U8¤d¬ü¤¸ªº¶Àª÷¡A¬ü°ê¶Àª÷¹B¨ì¤¤°ê¤w¦³¨â§å¦@¬ù¤@¤d¸U¬ü¤¸¡C
¥i¬O¤j¬ù´N¦b³o1944¦~ªìªº®ÉÔ¡A¤¤¬üÂù¤è¤S¬°¶×²vª§°õ¤£¤U¡C¦Ñ½±³oÃä°õ·Nºò¦u¤G¤Q¤ñ¤@ªº¶×²v¡A¦ý¶Â¥«¶×²v¦´N¶W¹L¤@¦Ê¤ñ¤@¡C¬ü°ê°]¬F³¡©xû´N¤£¨Ì¤F¡A¶Àª÷¹B¥X¶q´N´î½w¡A¯S§O¬O¨S¦³¥ý´Á§Î¦¨¹B§@³W½d¡A¥¿¦n³Q¥L̥Ψӹï°ê©²¬I¥[À£¤O¡C³o¤]¬O·¨®æ»¡¤Õ²»º³¨S¦³¦P·N³]¥ß¶Àª÷´`Àô«H¥ÎÃB«×¬O¤@¤j¥¢µ¦¡C
¦n¦º¤£¦º¡A¤¤¥¡»È¦æ¦b1944¦~3¤ë±q¹A¥Á»È¦æ±µ¤â¶Àª÷¾P°â«á¡A¾P°â¶q¼É¼W¡A3¤ë³æ¤ë´N½æ¤F¶W¹L¤@¦Ê¸U¬ü¤¸ªº¶Àª÷¡C5¤ë«á¤éxµo°Ê¤@¸¹§@¾Ô¡A°êx¥þ±±Y¼ì¡A¶Àª÷½æ±o§ó¦h¡C¦b³o¦P®É¤]¶Ç¥XI«á¶Â¤âª£§@¶Àª÷¦È§Qªº®ø®§¡AÅý¬ü°ê¤è±§ó¬O¤£²n¡C¾ãÓ1944¦~¤~¹B¤F¤@¤d¨â¦Ê¸U¬ü¤¸ªº¶Àª÷¡C³o¨ä¤¤ÁöµM¤]¥i¯à¦³Ä¬Áp¶¡¿Ò/¦P±¡ªÌªº¬ü°ê°]¬F³¡©xû«¢§Q・Ãh¯S°Êªº¤â¸}¡A¦ý¬O¶×²v¤Wªº¼¯À¿«o¬O³Ì¤jªº¦]¯À¡]·¨®æ¤]±N¦¹¦C¬°¶Àª÷¹B°e¥X°ÝÃDªº²Ä¤@n¦]¡^¡C
¦¹¨Æ¨ì1945¦~¬K®L¤§¶¡¤~¦³ÅܤơA§º¤l¤å³X¬ü¡A±§i¼¯®Ú±ô§Æ±æ¯àºÉ§Ö¹B¨Ó¨â»õ¶Àª÷¡A¼¯®Ú±ô¤j¬°¦YÅå¡A¦]¬°¥L¥H¬°³£¤w¸g³]¦n¦n¦b¹B¤F¡C°l¬d¤§¤U¡A¤~µo²{¬O¥L¤â¤U¡]Ãh¯S±aÀY¡^¦b©ì¡A¼¯®Ú±ôª½±µ¤z¹w¡A¤U±´XÓ¤ë¤~¶}©l¤j¶q¹B°e¶Àª÷¡C¦³°ÝÃDªº¬O¡A§º¤l¤å1944¦~¤j¥b®É¶¡¦b¬ü°ê¡]1944¦~10¤ëªðµØ¡^¡A¶Àª÷¹B°e¥X°ÝÃD¡A¥LÀ³¸Ó¦³ºÞ¹Dª½³qù´µºÖªº¹õ¹±©ÎªÌ¼¯®Ú±ô¸Ñ¨M¡A«ç»ò·|¤@Án¤£§\Åý±¡ªp´c¤Æ¡HÃø¹D¬O¥Ñ©ó³o¨Æ¬O¤Õ²»º³ªº¤â§À¡A¥L´N³S¤â®ÇÆ[¶Ü¡H
·¨®æ¬Û·í«µø¹ï¶×²v®t§O¤Þ°_ªº°ÝÃD¡A¤U±¬O¥L´£¨ì¬ü°ê¹ï¾nµØ¬üx©M¥~¥æ¤Hûª½±µ¹B°eµo©ñ¬üª÷¡AÅý¥L̦b¶Â¥«§I´«ªk¹ô¡A¦Ó¤£¬O¦b¯Ã¬ùÁpÀx»È¦æ¥H¦n´X¿ªº»ù¿ú§I´«ªk¹ô¡C¥L¤]´£¨ì¬ü°êÁp¦X¬@±Ï²Õ´¡]·Oµ½¾÷ºc¡^¦b1943¦~´ê¤F¬ù¤@¤d¥|¦Ê¸U¬ü¤¸n®½§U¤¤°ê¡A¦ý¬O¦]¬°¶×²v·l¥¢ªºÃö«Y¡A³o¨Ç¿ú®Ú¥»·F¤£¤F¤°»ò¨Æ¡F§óÁV¿|ªº¬O³oÅý¤@¯ë¬ü°ê¥Á²³²£¥Í¿ùı¡A¥H¬°¤¤°ê¬F©²¦b§ë¾÷˧â¡A§ó¼W¥[¤F¦V¬ü°ê¥Á²³¶Ò®½ªº§xÃø¡C
Young, Arthur N., China and the Helping Hand, 1937-1945
pp. 257-258
At first the American finance officers sold dollar drafts to the Central Bank at the official rate to get the national currency they needed. From August 18, 1941, that rate at parity was C$18.82 per US$i. As of July 10, 1942, the rate was changed to 20-1, where it stayed all through the war. But, as the printing presses rolled, prices in China soared. The overvaluation of national currency became extreme. At 20-1 the exchange value of China's money was a sixth of the prewar figure of about C$3.36 per US$1. But, approximately, at average prices in Free China, national currency at the end of 1941 had only about a 20th of its prewar value; at the end of 1942, about a 66th; at the end of 1943, about a 228th; at the end of 1944, about a 755th; and at the war's end in August 1945, about a 2,500th.6 At Kunming, the main American base, inflation was worse than the average, and the comparison was more extreme.
...
So long as American military activities in China were small, the rising cost of national currency did not raise an acute issue. But before the end of 1942 it became clear that the ordinary GI, if he sold his dollar pay at the official rate, would not realize enough for what he would like to spend in China. So, for morale reasons, paymasters began late in 1942 to pay the American personnel in American currency notes. They did this with the full knowledge of the State and Treasury Departments and of the Chinese Government.
¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w ¹ï¾ú¥v¬ã¨sªÌ¦Ó¨¥¡A³Ì¨ë¿EªÌ¡AµL¹L©ó¦b¾ú¥v©M¶Ç»¡¤§¶¡¡A§ä¨ì¤F³Ì§¹¾ãªº¬G¨Æ¡C¢w¢w ºq¼w |
Edited by - Light on 11/07/2019 15:28:55 |
|
|
BlueWhaleMoon
§Ú¬O¦Ñ³¾
13032 Posts |
Posted - 11/07/2019 : 15:57:03
|
§Ú·Q¤@¥ó¨Æn¬ÝÂù¤è±ªº½×z¡A¬ü¤è¨ºÃä¹ï©ó¦P¤@¥ó¨Æ¡A¦³¤£¦Pªº¨¤«×¤]¬O±¡²z¤§¤¤¡C
¤Õ²»º³¾ãÅéµû»ù¤]¤£ºâ¬O¯S§O¦n¡C
²³æªº»¡¡A¬ü°ê¦æ¬F©xû¦³¥d¶Àª÷¨Æ©y¡A¨ä¤¤¦³Âù¤è·¾³q¤£¨}¡A¤]¦³Ä¬Áp¶¡¿Òªº¼vÅT¡C
¦ý¬O¶Àª÷¤@¨Æ¡A¹ï¤¤¤è¥Í¦º§ñÃöªº¸Ü¡A¤]¨S¦³²Ä¤@®É¶¡ª½¤W¤ÑÅ¥·Q¿ìªk±Æ°£§xÃø¡A¦ü¥G¤]¬O¨Æ¹ê¡C |
Edited by - BlueWhaleMoon on 11/07/2019 16:01:51 |
|
|
Light
§Ú¬Oµæ³¾
499 Posts |
Posted - 11/08/2019 : 01:22:22
|
¹ï¡A©Ò¥H¤@¥ó¨Æ¤£¬O¬Ý¶È¶È³æ¤è±ªº»¡ªk´N¥i¥H¡C
´N¦p¶Àª÷¤§¨Æ¡A¤£¯à¥u»¡¡u·¨®æ»¡¬ü°ê°]¬F³¡¥dª÷¡v³o»òµuµu¤@¥y¡A¦Ó¤£§â«e¦]«áªG³£»¡²M·¡¡C¤H®a·¨®æ¬°¤G¾Ô¤¤°ê°]¬F°ÝÃD¼g¤F¨â¥»®Ñ¡A§Ú³o¸Ì¤~¬O¨ä¤¤¤§¤@ªº¤j·§¦Ó¤w¡C¤£¹L®Ú¾Ú·¨®æ³o¸Ì¡A¬üx¦bµØ¤ä¥X¬OÃB¥~¥I¿ú¡A¦Ó¥B¬O¥Î¤G¤Q¤ñ¤@ªº¶×²v¡A¤£¬O¦^´f¯²É¡F¦Ó¥B¥L¥Îªº¬O "in ..."¡Aªí¥Ü¬O¦b·í¦~¥Iªºª÷ÃB¡A¤]´N¬O»¡¨ì1943¦~©³¤w¸g¥I¤F¤@»õ¤@¤d¸U¬üª÷ªº¶O¥Î¡C¦ý¾nµØ¬üx°£¤p¤pªº²Ä¤Q¥|¯èªÅx¥~¨S¦h¤Ö¤H¡A¦Ó¦Ñ½±ÁÙn°í«ù¤G¤Q¤ñ¤@¡A¥B¦b¦P®Én¨D¤Q»õ¶U´Ú¡AÁ٧⵹¤£µ¹¿ú¸ò§Ü¤£§Ü¤é³s¦b¤@°_¡A¦ÛµM·|¼vÅT¬ü¤è©xûÆ[·P¡C1944¦~¬°¶×²v§n±o¥û¡A¦ÛµM·|©ì¨ì¡C¦Ó§ó¤£©¯ªº¬O©Ò¦³ªº¼¯À¿¡B¤£º¡¡BÄê¨Æ¡B±Ñ°h¡A³£¦b1944¦~¤@°_Ãzµo¡C
ÁöµM¾ú¥v¨S¦³¦pªG¡A¦ý°²¦p¦Ñ½±¸ò¥v}«Â¦X§@¡A§ï²³°x¨Ã¦¦¹ê»Ú°Ñ¾Ô¡A¦Ó¤£¥þ¤O¤ä«ù³¯¯Ç¼wÂXx¡]§Yºû«ù³¯¯Ç¼w³¡¶¤¬°²Ä10¯èªÅx¤UÄݳæ¦ì¡^¡A¾nµØ¬üx¤]¤£·|¼W¥[³\¦h¡]ÃQ¼wÁڮɤ~¤£¨ì5000¤HªºÅU°Ý¹Î¡^¡C¦Ó³°x¦¦§@¾Ô§ó¯à§ïÅܤ¤¥~Æ[·P¡A¬ü°ê¤Hµ¹¿ú¤]·|²n§ÖÂI¡C
¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w ¹ï¾ú¥v¬ã¨sªÌ¦Ó¨¥¡A³Ì¨ë¿EªÌ¡AµL¹L©ó¦b¾ú¥v©M¶Ç»¡¤§¶¡¡A§ä¨ì¤F³Ì§¹¾ãªº¬G¨Æ¡C¢w¢w ºq¼w |
|
|
BlueWhaleMoon
§Ú¬O¦Ñ³¾
13032 Posts |
Posted - 11/08/2019 : 01:45:15
|
§ÚÃÙ¦¨§ï²³°xÀ³¸ÓÀu¥ý¡A¦ý¬O»P¥v}«Â¤ñ¥v¹ê§ó°ªªº¦X§@¹ê¦b¤£¤Ó¥i¯à¡A¥v}«Â«Ü¦h¸ñ¶H³£Åã¥Ü¥L¤£¥u¬On§ï²³°x¡A¦Ó¬On«ü´§Åv¡AÂù¤è¦b²Ä¤@¦¸»·©ºxºâ¬O¬Û§Ô¦X§@¡AµM«áµ²ªG·¥¬°ºG¯P¡C(ºM©¹¶³«n¯u¬O¤Ó¤£§´·í¤F)
²¦³º¥v}«Ân¨Dªº§ï²¤è¦¡¡A¤£¬O¤£¹ï¡A¦ý¬O¤Ó¹L¬»Ä²¦Ñ½±¯à±µ¨üªºµ{«×¡C (ÁöµM»¡¾n¦Lxºâ¬O«Ü¦¨¥\ªº¼Ò¦¡)
ˬO¦pªGÁY¤p²Ä¤Q¥|¯èªÅx¡A¼W¥[³°x¸Ë³Æ¡A¦P®É²Ä¤G¦¸»·©ºx¤£¬£¥X¦Ó¬OÂà¥Î¦b¤¤°ê¾Ô³õ¡A¬O¤ñ¸û¦³¥i¯àªºWhat if.
¤£¹L³o¥i¯à¬O¥t¤@Ó¸ÜÃD¡A¤£ÄÝ©ó³oÓ°Q½×¦ê¡C |
Edited by - BlueWhaleMoon on 11/08/2019 01:49:35 |
|
|
Light
§Ú¬Oµæ³¾
499 Posts |
Posted - 11/08/2019 : 03:15:44
|
¥v}«Â¸ò¦Ñ½±¥»¨Ó´N¬O¤@Ó¤Ú´x©ç¤£ÅT¡A¨Ã«D¥þ³¡¬O³æ¤è±ªº°ÝÃD¡C
¥v}«Â©Ê®æ¥»¨Ó´N¬O¤ñ¸û¿W¥ß¦Û¥D¡A¦¦~·|¨ì¤¤°ê¨Ó¡A¤]¬O¦³þÓ«_ÀIªººë¯«¡F¥L±`¦Û¤v¶]¨ì¤¤°ê¦a¤è¦¬¶°x¨Æ±¡³ø¡A¸ò¦¶¼wÁÙ¨£¹L±¡F¤@¦ì¦b¤@¦¸¤j¾Ô«á¦¨爲¥L¤W¥qªº«e¦P¨Æ»¡¥v}«Â¬O ¡§our best man out there¡¨ (¦L¶H¬£¡^¡C«á¨Ó¦A¨ì¤¤°ê¾á¥ôªZ©x®É¡A¤W¥q«o¬O³ßÅw±qµØ²±¹y·L±±ªº³Ã¥ë¡A¨â¤HÃö«Y´N«D±`ÁV¿|¡C
µM«á1942¦~¨ì¤¤°ê¨Ó¡A¸I¨ì¯S³ßÅw·L±±ªº¦Ñ½±¡A·d¨ì¤ô¤õ¤£®e¤]¬O¥¿±`¡C
¥v}«Ân«ü´§Åv¤]¤£¬O¤@¶}©l´Nn¡A¦Ó¬O¬Ý¨ì¦Ñ½±·L±±¡B½Ñ±N°ß°ß¡Aı±o¥u¦³§â«ü´§Åv®³¨ì¤â¤W¤~¯à¦³®Ä§ï²¨Ã§@¾Ô¡A¾n¦Lxªº½TÃÒ©ú¤F¥Lªº¬Ýªk¡C¦Ó¥B¥L¦b²Ä¤G¦¸½q¨l¾Ô§Ð¦´Á¦]爲¤£©ñ¤ß®]¥ß¤H©M¹ùÄ£´ð¡A©Ò¥HÁÙ·L±±¨ì¹Î¡A¦ý¬O¤¤´Á«á¶}©l«H¥ô¨ä¯à¤O¡A®v¥H¤U´NÅý¥L̦ۤvµo´§¡C©Ò¥H¥Lºâ¬O¯à¦¬¯à©ñ¡A¤£¹³¦Ñ½±¤£·|©ñÅv¡C
²Ä¤@¦¸»·©ºx¥v}«Â쥻®Ú¥»¤£·Q«ü´§¡A¬O¦Ñ½±©M^°ê¤H§â¥Lµw©Ô¤W°¨¡A¤]¨S©ñÅv¡AµM«á¤j±Ñ«on¥L¾á¡AÅý¥L·¥爲¤£²n¡A¤]¦]¦¹³vº¥¶}©l¦³ª§«ü´§Åv¤§¤ß¡C
³oªº½T¬O¥t¥~¸ÜÃD¡CÁÙ¦³¡A¦³¤H¦ü¥G¤µ¦~n¥X½q¨l¾Ô§Ðªº®Ñ¡Aùر¦³´£²Ä¤@¦¸½q¨l¾Ô§Ð¤¤«ü´§¯¿¶Ãªº°ÝÃD¡A¤£¾å±o¥Xª©¤F¨S¦³¡H
¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w ¹ï¾ú¥v¬ã¨sªÌ¦Ó¨¥¡A³Ì¨ë¿EªÌ¡AµL¹L©ó¦b¾ú¥v©M¶Ç»¡¤§¶¡¡A§ä¨ì¤F³Ì§¹¾ãªº¬G¨Æ¡C¢w¢w ºq¼w |
|
|
Light
§Ú¬Oµæ³¾
499 Posts |
Posted - 11/08/2019 : 04:43:57
|
³oùØ·¨®æ´£¨ì¦b1944¦~1¤ë®É¡A¬ü°ê¤w¸g爲¾nµØ¬üx¶O¥Î¥I¤F¤@¾Ð¤T¤d¤C¦Ê¸U¬ü¤¸¡]20¤ñ1ªº¶×²v¡^¡A³o¶W¹L«e±´£¨ìªº¯Ã¦èÄõ¨ì1944¦~¤¤爲¾n¯Ã¬üx¥Iªº¿ú¡]¦^´f¯²É¡^¡C¦ý¬O³o20¤ñ1ªº¶×²v¸ò¹ê»Ú¥«³õ¶×²v¡]1942¦~©³¬ù220¤ñ1¡^¹ê¦b®t¤Ó¦h¡A¬ü°ê¤HµLªk±µ¨ü¡C¤]´N¬O»¡¡A¬üx«á¶Ô³æ¦ì¦b¤¤°ê·í¦a¶R¤@¥x¸}½ñ¨®¤j¬ùn2¸U2¤dªk¹ô¡A¦pªG¥Î¥¿¦¡©x¤èµP»ù¸ò¤¤¥¡»È¦æ´«ªk¹ô¡A¨º¬O1,100¬ü¤¸¡]¬ü°ê1942¦~¤@¥x´¶³qÃ⨮°â»ù¬ù800¬ü¤¸¡^¡A¦ÓY¦b¶Â¥«´«¹ô¡A¥un100¬ü¤¸¡C¦Ó´Nºâ¬O100¬ü¤¸¡AÁÙ¬O¶Q¤F¡A1942¦~¤¤¬ü°ê¥»¤g¸}½ñ¨®ºÞ¨î°â»ù¤~32.5¬ü¤¸¡C·íµM¦]爲·í®É¤¤°êª«¸ê¯Ê¥F¡A¶Q¤W¤@¨Ç¤]ÁÙ¥i¥H¡A¦A¥[¤W¬O½æµ¹¬üx¡AÃø§K·|ü¿»ù¡C³o¨Ç§Ú̲{¦b³£¥i²z¸Ñ¡A¦ý¬O·í¦~¼g«H¦^®aªº¬üx¤h§L¥i¤£·|»¡¤Ó¦h¦n¸Ü¡C
Young, Arthur N., China and the Helping Hand, 1937-1945
pp. 295-296
In the economic field the results of China's stubborn defense of the 20-1 rate in 1942-1945 were not of major seriousness. China was isolated and international trade and transactions were relatively small. Also a generally free exchange market was available.
But China's stubborn stand had consequences on American and other foreign opinion and goodwill that were serious indeed. China could well argue that, since the American military effort was aggravating inflation in China, the United States should help to build up reserves for eventual monetary reform. The United States did that through January 1944, by paying US$137 million to buy national currency, at the 20-1 rate which was highly favorable to China. But by then the exchange rate of 20-1 had become utterly unrealistic. China should not have thought of trying to cover the huge output of the printing presses at any fixed rate. As time went on the American army was paying fantastic prices for goods and services, for example, US$1,100 for a bicycle and US$75 for a spark plug. In my diary for February 10,1944,1 noted that Stilwell said to me, "If this keeps up, they will pay us all they owe with a basket of oranges 1"
1944¦~¬üx¶O¥Î¡]1¤ë¨ì9¤ë¡^ÁÙ¦³¦¨³£¾÷³õ°ÝÃD¡A´N¬O¦]爲¶×²v¤@¸ô§n¨ì1944¦~11¤ë¤~¸Ñ¨M¡C¤¤°êÁ`ºâÅý¨B¤£¦A°í«ù20¤ñ1¡A¦ý¬O¬ü°êÁÙ¬O¥I¥X¤j¬ù3¿ªº¶O¥Î¡C©Ò¥H¤¤°ê¹ê»Ú¦¨¥»¬O¤C¤d¸U¬ü¤¸¡]°²³]¨S¦³ü¿»ù¡^¡A¦Ó¨ä¤¤¨â¤d¤¦Ê¸U¦b1¤ë¥÷¦¤w¥Iµ¹¤¤°ê¡]À³¬O«öù´µºÖ«ü¥Ü¡^¡C©Ò¥H³o©ì©µªº°ÝÃD¡AÀ³¤£¯àºâ¦b¬ü°êÀY¤W¡C
p.292
For months the matter dragged. The army found that their figures had been too high and had wrongly included Chinese taxes and other items. They finally turned up with a total of C$13.9 billion, compared with Chinese figures of C$15.5 billion. Both included the Chengtu airfields. Finally at a conference on November 25, 1944, China agreed to take US$185 million in full settlement to September 30, besides US$25 million already paid. 25 That worked out as a rate of about 74-1 for the C$15.5 billion for which US$210 million was paid. The average free market rate for January-September was about 200-1. Morgenthau confirmed the arrangement in a letter of January 17, 1945, and turned over the funds. 2 ®
¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w ¹ï¾ú¥v¬ã¨sªÌ¦Ó¨¥¡A³Ì¨ë¿EªÌ¡AµL¹L©ó¦b¾ú¥v©M¶Ç»¡¤§¶¡¡A§ä¨ì¤F³Ì§¹¾ãªº¬G¨Æ¡C¢w¢w ºq¼w |
Edited by - Light on 11/09/2019 13:13:59 |
|
|
LUMBER
§Ú¬O¦Ñ³¾
Taiwan
8485 Posts |
Posted - 11/10/2019 : 13:02:58
|
quote:
1944¦~¬üx¶O¥Î¡]1¤ë¨ì9¤ë¡^ÁÙ¦³¦¨³£¾÷³õ°ÝÃD¡A´N¬O¦]爲¶×²v¤@¸ô§n¨ì1944¦~11¤ë¤~¸Ñ¨M¡C¤¤°êÁ`ºâÅý¨B¤£¦A°í«ù20¤ñ1¡A¦ý¬O¬ü°êÁÙ¬O¥I¥X¤j¬ù3¿ªº¶O¥Î¡C©Ò¥H¤¤°ê¹ê»Ú¦¨¥»¬O¤C¤d¸U¬ü¤¸¡]°²³]¨S¦³ü¿»ù¡^¡A¦Ó¨ä¤¤¨â¤d¤¦Ê¸U¦b1¤ë¥÷¦¤w¥Iµ¹¤¤°ê¡]À³¬O«öù´µºÖ«ü¥Ü¡^¡C©Ò¥H³o©ì©µªº°ÝÃD¡AÀ³¤£¯àºâ¦b¬ü°êÀY¤W¡C
¦Ó¨ä¤¤¨â¤d¤¦Ê¸U¦b1¤ë¥÷¦¤w¥Iµ¹¤¤°ê¡]À³¬O«öù´µºÖ«ü¥Ü¡^¡C©Ò¥H³o©ì©µªº°ÝÃD¡AÀ³¤£¯àºâ¦b¬ü°êÀY¤W¡C
´N»¡¤F¤Þ¤å¶V¤Þ¶V·d¯ºªü ¤j¤j
1943¦~nªº600¸U°e¤£¨ì¤¤°ê¨Ó «o¥i¥H»¡1944¦~¦V¦Ñ½±¥I¿ú¥I¤F¤@»õ¦h ¤¤¶¡ªº¥Ù¬Þ¤j¨ìÃz¬µ·í¨S¦³ªü¡H
©È¬O¦b»È¦æ¤ºª½±µ¥I¨ì¯²Éªk®×nÁÙªº¼Æ¦r¤º§a¡]Åu¤â ÁÙ¤£¯àºâ¦b¬ü°êÀY¤Wù ¦Ó¤¤°ê¤@¤ò³£¨S¦¬¨ì ¯u¦n¯º
¤Þ¤å¤Þ¶V¦h, ¶V¦n¯º©O
quote:
²Ä¤@¦¸»·©ºx¥v}«Â쥻®Ú¥»¤£·Q«ü´§¡A¬O¦Ñ½±©M^°ê¤H§â¥Lµw©Ô¤W°¨¡A¤]¨S©ñÅv¡AµM«á¤j±Ñ«on¥L¾á¡AÅý¥L·¥爲¤£²n¡A¤]¦]¦¹³vº¥¶}©l¦³ª§«ü´§Åv¤§¤ß¡C
¡@ §O·d¯º¤F¦n¶Ü¡A¤j¤j ¡@ ¤@Óè¤U¾÷³õ´Nn¨D³¡¶¤½ÕÀYªº´ý³J ´N¥ýÅý³¡¶¤ªº¯´§Ç²V¶Ã¨ìÃz¤F ¨S¦³´µ§Q©i¸ò®]¥ß¤HÁp¤â·|§óºG §ó§O»¡®]¥ß¤H¨¾¦uªº©R¥Oª½±µ¨Ó¦Û½±¤¶¥Û(1942.3)
n¨D³¡¶¤«n¤U¤»¦Ê¤½¨½¨¾¦un¦aÅ¥°_¨Ó«Ü²¼ä ·í«ü´§©x¦^³ø½q¨lªº¤õ¨®¤Hû°k±o¤@Ó³£¤£³Ñ(1942.3) ³¡¶¤¥u³Ñ¤U¨â±ø»L±j¦æx¡A¦Ó¥v}«Â©ê«è³o¥þ³£¬OÂǤf¤§«á ¥L³Ì«áÁÙ¬O±on¨D¤h§L®µ«ù¤õ¨®¤Hû¤u§@(1942.3) ª½¨ì³s¥L¦Û¤v³£¦b©ê«è´µ§Q©i¨S¦³¬£¤H¦u¦í·|³Q¤gê·m¨«ªº¤õ¨®(1942.4) ¡@ ©ê«è½±¤¶¥Û»»±±x¶¤ µ²ªGÁÙ¬O½±¤¶¥Û¨ì½q¨l¿Ë¦Û°V¥¸«ü¥Ü¥v}«Â¦³Åv¯à°÷½}§K¸ò¥ô¥Î©Ò¦³¤H¨ÆÅv(1942.4.6) «o·d¨ì¥v}«Â¦V½±¤¶¥Û©ê«è©³¤Uªº±Nx¸ò^°ê¤H¦ê³q°_¨Ón§â³d¥ôÂk©S©ó¥L(1942.4.19) ³o¯à©Ç§O¤H°Ú¡H ¡@ ¦Ñ½±©ñÅvµ¹¥L¤]¤£¬O¥u¦³1944¦~¨º¦¸ ©Ç¦Ñ½±¨S¦³·N¸q ¥L¦Û¤v¦^¾Ð¿ý´N¼g¡A¶]¥h¸ò½±¤Ò¤H©n©fǸò¦Ñ½±¹jªÅ¿c ÁÙn¦Ñ½±¨ì²{³õ¬Ý¥L¥´¥M¡A±o·Nªº«Ü ¶¶«K¶]¥h¸ò»X¤Ú¹y¨q±o·N «o¤£º¡¦Ñ½±°ª¿³µ¹©³¤Uªº¤H¥[µæ¡A¤@¾ãÓ¤p¤H¼LÁy µw©Ô¥L¤W°¨¡H ¤W°¨ÓÀYªü¡A·mµÛ°V¥¸¥L¤H¤£Å¥©R¥O³£¨Ó¤£¤Î¤F ©ê«è^°ê¦b½q¨l·m¨«µ¹¤¤°êªº¯²Éª«¸ê³£ÁÙ¤¤Å¥ÂIù(1942.2) ¡@ ®¦¡A¼g®ÑªºÁÙnÀ°¥v}«Â¸ÑÄÀ¹q³øªº¶Ç¹F¤ñ¸ûºC¡A©Ò¥H¥v}«ÂÃø§K»¡¿ù¸Ü©O ¯u¦³½ì
ÃQ¼wÁÚªá¤F¤»Ó¤ë¤£¨ì¡A´N°µ¨ì¤F¥v}«Â·F¤F¨â¦~³£°µ¤£¨ìªº¨Æ ÁÙ¨S§â¨º¤TÓ¯èªÅxµ¹»°¶] ³oºØ®t¶Z»¡ÂX«Ø²Ä¤Q¥|¯èªÅx¦³°ÝÃD ¸ò¥v}«ÂÁ¿ÁÙ¦³®ÄÂI(Åu¤â
|
Edited by - LUMBER on 11/10/2019 13:10:30 |
|
|
¤¾¤þ
ª©¥D
Taiwan
16098 Posts |
|
Light
§Ú¬Oµæ³¾
499 Posts |
Posted - 11/11/2019 : 12:14:58
|
·¨®æ¡A¨¬°¤¤°ê¬F©²°]¬FÅU°Ý¡A»P¥v}«Â¡B³¯¯Ç¼w¨S¦³¥æ©¹¡A´N¨â¤H¶¡³°ÅvÁÙ¬OªÅÅvªºª§°õ¡A¦³¦p¤UªºµûÂ_¡G
pp. 274-275
The immediate result of Roosevelt's decision was to give Chennault a large degree of independence and priority of supply, but without at once contributing significantly to defeat of Japan. Stilwell, on the other hand, lost face; his army reform program languished; and his eventual recall was foreshadowed. The official American army historians felt that his position as Chief of Staff, China Theater, became "largely formal." As to Marshall's postwar judgment, they say, "After the war, as he looked back on the great argument over air power versus reform of the Chinese Army, the Army's Chief of Staff, General Marshall, commented that subsequent events had proved Stilwell to be right, but unfortunately much too outspoken and tactless." 50
The President's decision in favor of the air program was farreaching. It confirmed on the American side the general principle of not bargaining or bringing pressure on China for reform though a tougher American line and some bargaining developed in 1944 (see chapter X V I ) . The principle of not bargaining had been forecast a year earlier by giving China a wholly free hand with the use of the US$500 million credit. On the Chinese side the air program was the line of least resistance. It accepted in effect the reluctance to deal with the gross abuses of the army system. The top leaders of both sides failed to recognize how great might have been the advantages for the future of army reform. Stilwell went so far as to say that, with army reform, "China will be able to do her part and refute her critics, and will emerge at the end of the war with the means of assuring her stability."51 Finally, as Stilwell and Marshall had feared, the air operations prodded the Japanese into their 1944 offensive against the East China air bases. The collapse of Chinese resistance on the ground showed up the weakness of the government after seven years of stress and strain and was a disastrous and almost overwhelming blow to its prestige.
¦pªG¤£¨«ªÅ¤¤§@¾Ô¦Ó¬O¶i¦æ³°x§ï²¡A¨Ã¥B»P¬üxµn³°¤j³°ªºµ¦²¤¡]ª½¨ì1943¦~ªºµ¦²¤¡^°t¦Xªº¸Ü¡G
p. 408
Had the 1943 strategy prevailed, China's deterioration in the final two years of the war might have been far less serious. Her armies at the war's end would have been much stronger, and they would have recovered more territory. Successes might have given the government prestige and strengthened confidence. That would have contrasted strikingly with the shock to morale from the debacle of 1944 in East and Central China. Also, the American landing forces could have brought in significant amounts of consumer goods, to use either in direct payment for services or to sell for their needs of local currency. Thus, inflation could have been retarded.
¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w ¹ï¾ú¥v¬ã¨sªÌ¦Ó¨¥¡A³Ì¨ë¿EªÌ¡AµL¹L©ó¦b¾ú¥v©M¶Ç»¡¤§¶¡¡A§ä¨ì¤F³Ì§¹¾ãªº¬G¨Æ¡C¢w¢w ºq¼w |
Edited by - Light on 11/11/2019 23:03:12 |
|
|
Light
§Ú¬Oµæ³¾
499 Posts |
Posted - 12/12/2019 : 13:54:50
|
·¨®æ¦b¥t¤@¥»±M®Ñ¸Ì¼g±o§ó¸Ô²Ó¡C¤¤°ê¥Îªk¹ô¹Ô¥I¬üx¶O¥Î¬O¦b1944¦~ªì¤~¶}©l¡A¤]´N¬O¶×²v°ÝÃD¶}©l§nªº®ÉÔ¡C¦b³o¤§«e¡A³£¬O¬ü°ê«ö20¤ñ1¶×²vª½±µ¥I¿úµ¹¤¤¥¡»È¦æ¡]¯Ã¬ù¦³¿ì¨Æ³B¡^¡A¦Ó¥B«e±»¡¹L1944¦~ªº³¡¤À¡A¤@¤ë¥÷¬ü°ê¤H´N¥ý¥I¤F2,500¸U¬ü¤¸¡C1944¦~«e¤T©u«×Á`¼Æ2.1»õ¬ü¤¸¦b1944¦~11¤ë25¤é½Í¦¨¡A¶×²v74¤ñ1¡]¶Â¥«200¤ñ1¡^¡A¦©±¼¤w¥I2,500¸U¬ü¤¸¡A1945¦~1¤ë17¤é¼¯®Ú¯Áñ¦r¥I 1.85»õ¬ü¤¸¡C²Ä¥|©u«×4,500¸U¬ü¤¸¡A¶×²v178¤ñ1¡]¶Â¥«400¤ñ1¡^¡C
©Ò¥H¡A¦¹¨Æ¤W¨Ã«D¬ü°ê©ì¤í¡A¦Ó¬O¶×²v¤W¹ê¦b®t¤Ó¦h¡]20¤ñ1 vs 200¤ñ1¡^¡C¦Ñ½±·í¦~¦b¤W®ü§ë¾÷ª£¹LªÑ¡A¤j·§¥H¬°¥i¥H¶X¾÷·i¤@§â¡A´À¤¤°êÁÈÂI¿ú¡A¤£®Æ¦]¤p¥¢¤j¡A¤Ï¦Ó§â¾ãÓ°]¬F·d«±¡C¥¿¦p®}¥Ã©÷¹ï¨äx¨Æ¨Mµ¦ªºµû½×¡A³g¤p«K©y¤Ï¦Ó¦Y¤jÁ«¡C
Young, Arthur N., China's Wartime Finance and Inflation, 1937-1945, Harvard University Press: Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1965, 423 pages
p. 273
The argument about rates between dollars and fapi continued through most of 1944. The American negotiators let matters drag along, because early in the year China began advancing funds in fapi subject to later settlement and the Americans wished to avoid an impasse that might hold up work on the air bases. The issues came to a head when Minister Kung came to the United States in June for the Bretton Woods conference on postwar monetary plans. Direct talks finally brought a settlement, after hard bargaining. China agreed on November 25 to take US$185 million in full settlement to September 30, besides US$25 million already paid. Payment of US$210 million for costs of C$15.5 billion worked out at a rate of 74 to 1. For the first nine months of 1944 the average market rate was about 200 to 1. But, as shown in Table 31, China's currency was overvalued more than three-fold at the end of 1944 on the basis of current prices and. the free market exchange rate. So the deal was highly favorable to China. On January 17, 1945, Morgenthau formally confirmed the arrangement and turned over the money.8
For the fourth quarter of 1944 the settlement was easy. China's services to the American forces were on a smaller scale than in the previous quarter, for which the United States paid US$60 million. For costs of about C$8 billion in the fourth quarter the United. States paid US$45 million. That worked out at 178 to 1, compared to an average market rate of about 400 to 1, which latter much overvalued fapi, as noted above. That was the last cash settlement. China's costs for American account in 1945 were agreed in April 1946 to have been C$103.8 billion, which was set off against sur-
¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w ¹ï¾ú¥v¬ã¨sªÌ¦Ó¨¥¡A³Ì¨ë¿EªÌ¡AµL¹L©ó¦b¾ú¥v©M¶Ç»¡¤§¶¡¡A§ä¨ì¤F³Ì§¹¾ãªº¬G¨Æ¡C¢w¢w ºq¼w |
|
|
LUMBER
§Ú¬O¦Ñ³¾
Taiwan
8485 Posts |
Posted - 12/12/2019 : 19:33:35
|
¤W®üª£ªÑ¨º¬O¥Á°ê´X¦~¤ñ¥Á°ê´X¦~? n¤ÀªR»È¦æªº¤ßºA¥i¥H
§AÁÙ¬O¤£¯à°÷»¡©ú 1943¦~nªº600¸U°e¤£¨ì¤¤°ê¨Ó «o¥i¥H»¡1944¦~¦V¦Ñ½±¥I¿ú¥I¤F¤@»õ¦h
°½©ä·Qªk½Ð§A©ñ±ó ¤£¹L¬OÅý¦Û¤v±qÀYż¨ì§À¦Ó¤w
±b¥»¤W¦hµe´X¦æ¼Æ¦r ¹ê»Ú¤W¸ò¤¤°ê¾Ô³õªºÃö«YÁÙ¬O·L¥G¨ä·L |
|
|
Light
§Ú¬Oµæ³¾
499 Posts |
Posted - 12/12/2019 : 23:39:26
|
//1943¦~nªº600¸U°e¤£¨ì¤¤°ê¨Ó//
³o¬O¤°»òªF¦è¡H600¸U¾·ª«¸ê¡H600¸UÁû¯¥¼u¡H600¸UÀY¤û¡H600¸U½ø¸}½ñ¨®¡H
³sÓ³æ¦ì³£¤£¼g¡C
¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w ¹ï¾ú¥v¬ã¨sªÌ¦Ó¨¥¡A³Ì¨ë¿EªÌ¡AµL¹L©ó¦b¾ú¥v©M¶Ç»¡¤§¶¡¡A§ä¨ì¤F³Ì§¹¾ãªº¬G¨Æ¡C¢w¢w ºq¼w |
Edited by - Light on 12/13/2019 01:08:00 |
|
|
¼ÐÃD |
|
|
|