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JonJon
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3585 Posts |
Posted - 04/11/2020 : 11:55:21
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zfss
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2266 Posts |
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Henschel
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3315 Posts |
Posted - 04/11/2020 : 13:04:58
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quote: Originally posted by zfss
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BlueWhaleMoon
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13032 Posts |
Posted - 04/11/2020 : 13:17:08
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quote: Originally posted by ¤¾¤þ
quote: Originally posted by BlueWhaleMoon ¬O°Ú¡ASARSªº§Ö¿z¸Õ¯È³oºØ»¡ªk¡A³o¬O§Ú²Ä¤@¦¸Å¥»¡ ©Ò¦³ªº¸ê°T³£»¡12/26¡A12/30©ÎªÌ¨º¤@¬q®É¶¡ªºÀË´ú¡A³£¬O¹êÅç«ÇPCR¡A»P§Ö¿z¨SÔ£Ãö«Y¡C
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·í¤Ñ¤U¤È4ÂIè¹L¡A¦P¨Æµ¹§Ú¬Ý¤F¤@¥÷³ø§i¡A¤W±¼gªº¬O¡GSARS«aª¬¯f¬r¡BºñÁw°²³æMµß¡B46ºØ¤fµÄ¡þ©I§l¹D©w´Óµß¡C§Ú¥J²Ó¬Ý¤F«Ü¦h¹M³ø§i¡A¤U±ªºª`ÄÀ¼g着¡GSARS«aª¬¯f¬r¬O¤@ºØ³æªÑ¥¿ÃìRNA¯f¬r¡C¸Ó¯f¬r¥Dn¶Ç¼½¤è¦¡¬°ªñ¶ZÂ÷¸ªj¶Ç¼½©Î±µÄ²±wªÌ©I§l¹D¤Àªcª«¡A¥i¤Þ°_ªº¤@ºØ¨ã¦³©úÅã¶Ç¬V©Ê¡A¥i²Ö¤Î¦hÓŦ¾¹¨t²Îªº¯S®íªÍª¢¡A¤]ºÙ«D¨å«¬ªÍª¢¡C
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JonJon
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3585 Posts |
Posted - 04/11/2020 : 15:48:14
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https://udn.com/news/story/120940/4484672?from=udn_mobile_indexrecommend §Ú9·s«aªÍª¢±wªÌ¥Î·ç¼w¦è³ ±i¤W²E¡G¦Ü¤µ³Ì¦³Àø®ÄÃĪ«
§Ú9·s«aªÍª¢±wªÌ¥Î·ç¼w¦è³ ±i¤W²E¡G¦Ü¤µ³Ì¦³Àø®ÄÃĪ« 2020-04-11 15:26 Áp¦X³ø / °OªÌ³¯ÔвޡB³¯«BøÊ¡Bù¯u¡þ¥x¥_§Y®É³ø¾É ¤¤¥¡¬y¦æ¬Ì±¡«ü´§¤¤¤ß±M®a¤p²Õ¥l¶°¤H±i¤W²Eªí¥Ü¡A¸Ó½g³Ì·sªº³ø¾É¬O¥H®¦·OÀøªk´£¨Ñ¬ü°ê¡B¼Ú¬wªº¯f¤H¨Ï¥Î¡A®ÄªG¥¿±¡A§Y¨Ï¬OÀ¹µÛ©I§l¾¹±wªÌ¡A¦º¤`²v¶È18¢H¡A«¯g¦º¤`²v«h¬O13%¡C¥»³ø¨t¸ê®Æ·Ó ¤¤¥¡¬y¦æ¬Ì±¡«ü´§¤¤¤ß±M®a¤p²Õ¥l¶°¤H±i¤W²Eªí¥Ü¡A¸Ó½g³Ì·sªº³ø¾É¬O¥H®¦·OÀøªk´£¨Ñ¬ü°ê¡B¼Ú¬wªº¯f¤H¨Ï¥Î¡A®ÄªG¥¿±¡A§Y¨Ï¬OÀ¹µÛ©I§l¾¹±wªÌ¡A¦º¤`²v¶È18¢H¡A«¯g¦º¤`²v«h¬O13%¡C¥»³ø¨t¸ê®Æ·Ó
ªñ¤é¡u·s^®æÄõÂå¾Ç´Á¥Z¡v¥Zµn·ç¼w¦è³¬ã¨s¡Aµo²{·s«aªÍª¢±wªÌ¨Ï¥Î«á®ÄªG¦n¡C¹ï¦¹¡A¤¤¥¡¬y¦æ¬Ì±¡«ü´§¤¤¤ß±M®a¤p²Õ¥l¶°¤H±i¤W²Eªí¥Ü¡A¸Ó½g³Ì·sªº³ø¾É¬O¥H®¦·OÀøªk´£¨Ñ¬ü°ê¡B¼Ú¬wªº¯f¤H¨Ï¥Î¡A®ÄªG¥¿±¡A§Y¨Ï¬OÀ¹µÛ©I§l¾¹±wªÌ¡A¦º¤`²v¶È18¢H¡A«¯g¦º¤`²v«h¬O13%¡C
±i¤W²Eªí¥Ü¡A§Ú°ê¦@¦³¤EÓ½T¶E·s«aªÍª¢¯f¨Ò¶i¤J·ç¼w¦è³Á{§É¸ÕÅç¡A¥H°ê¤ºÁ{§É¥ÎÃĮĪGÆ[¹î¡A¬Æ¦Ü¦³ì¦b¨Ï¥Î©I§l¾¹¯f¤H¡A¦b¥ÎÃÄ«á´N²æÂ÷©I§l¾¹¡C¥Ø«e¤¤µ¥©Î«¯g¯f¤Hºû«ù±o¬Û·í¤£¿ù¡A´N³o½g³ø¾É¡A·ç¼w¦è³¨ì¥Ø«e¬°¤î¬O³Ì¦³¾÷·|¡B³Ì¦³Àø®ÄÃĪ«¡C
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ki1
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5871 Posts |
Posted - 04/11/2020 : 17:24:45
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quote: Originally posted by zfss
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lyrics
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1059 Posts |
Posted - 04/11/2020 : 17:49:40
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¡m¬ü国¬ì学°|°|报¡n¡G·s«aA类¯f¬r§ó¦h发现¤_¬ü¿D¯f¨Ò
ªñ´Á¡A关¤_·s«a¯f¬r°_·½问题ªº¬ã¨s¦³¤F·s进®i¡A¤£过¡A´N¬ã¨s结论¬Ý¡A¦ü¥G对¬ü国«ü±±¤¤国ªº说ªk¤£§Q¡C³Ì·sªº¬ã¨s发现¡A·s«aA类¯f¬r§ó¦h发现¤_¬ü国©M¿D¤j§Q亚ªº¨ü·P¬VªÌ¡A¦bªZúä¥u¦³Ìå¤Ö数®×¨Ò¡C
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4¤ë8¤é¡A¤@½g¥Ñ^国©M¼w国学ªÌ¦@¦P¼¶写ªº论¤å¡A¦b国际ª¾¦W学术´Á¥Z¡m¬ü国¬ì学°|°|报¡n¡]PNAS¡^¤W发ªí¡A¤å³¹题为¡mPhylogenetic network analysis of SARS-CoV-2 genomes¡n¡A²Ä¤@§@ªÌ为剑桥¤j学ªºPeter Forster³Õ¤h¡C
从论¤å给¥Xªº传¼½¸ô径ÊI络图ÉO专®aªº结论¬Ý¡AÉOì©l¬r®è³Ì为¬Û¦üªºA类¯f¬r¡A¦bªZúä虽¦³¥X现¡A¦ý¦}¥¼ÆΪx¬y传¡A¨ä变ÉÝÊ^B类¡A¦b¤¤国¹Ò内¤D¦Ü东亚¤jS围传¼½¡CA类«¬¯u¥¿扩´²¦a区¡A¬O¦b¬ü国©M¿D¤j§Q亚¡C欧¬w传¼½ªºC类«¬¯f¬r¥i¯à¬O东亚B类«¬变ÉÝ过¥hªº¡C
ȱoª`·Nªº¬O¡A该¬ã¨s¤ÀªR«ü¥X¡A¯f¬r³Ì¦³Q传¤J·N¤j§Qªº¸ô径¡AÉO¼w国©M·s¥[©Y¸sÊ^±K¤Á¬Û关¡C
https://www.guancha.cn/industry-science/2020_04_11_546451_1.shtml
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Edited by - lyrics on 04/11/2020 17:50:03 |
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BlueWhaleMoon
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13032 Posts |
Posted - 04/11/2020 : 17:53:39
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¤£过¡A´N¬ã¨s结论¬Ý¡A¦ü¥G对¬ü国«ü±±¤¤国ªº说ªk¤£§Q¡C == ½Ð°Ý½×¤åþ¸Ì¥i¥H±o¨ì³oÓµ²½×¡H |
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Taiwan
16098 Posts |
Posted - 04/11/2020 : 18:11:20
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quote: Originally posted by BlueWhaleMoon ³oÓ«ç»ò¬Ý³£¬OPCR ¡A¤£¬OSARS§Ö¿z
§Ú¹ï¤j³°ªº»{ª¾¬O°£«D¤T¥Ò¥H¤W©Î¦a°Ï¤T¥Ò«ü©w¤j«¬Âå°|¤~·|¦³PCR¤§ÃþªºÀËÅç³]³Æ~~~ ¨ä¥L³£¬O¥Î§Ö¿z¸Õ¾¯¨ÓÀËÅç«aª¬¯f¬r©ÎSARS¤§Ãþªº~~~
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¦Ê¸U³s¸p±ÀˬF©²¡A¥H®Ö¾iºñ«±Ò®Ö¥|~~ https://blog.xuite.net/tomschen/blog
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lyrics
¸ô¤H¥Ò¤A¤þ
1059 Posts |
Posted - 04/11/2020 : 18:33:42
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quote: Originally posted by BlueWhaleMoon
¤£过¡A´N¬ã¨s结论¬Ý¡A¦ü¥G对¬ü国«ü±±¤¤国ªº说ªk¤£§Q¡C == ½Ð°Ý½×¤åþ¸Ì¥i¥H±o¨ì³oÓµ²½×¡H
结论³¡¤À¡A¥H¤Îabstract³£¥i¥H¬Ý¨ì |
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judah1970
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2888 Posts |
Posted - 04/11/2020 : 18:47:04
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quote: Originally posted by JonJon
¬ü°ê¦U¬É¥¿¦bµh½|WHOªü......³o¤£·|´N¬O¤¤°êªº¥Øªº§a¡H³ò½Ã±Ï»¯¡H
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quote: Originally posted by zfss
ªZú䥫长¯àú¨©w«Ê«°¡H¤°¤\°¯º话¡A¨ä¥L¤£ºâ¡A°_码¥Á¯è©M铁¸ô谁会§v¥Lªº¡C
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quote: Originally posted by Henschel
©Ò¥Hn´À²ßªñ¥¥ÏÁç³Ì§C«×¤]n¥Ï©¹§õ§J±j¨¤W
¦³¤°¤\锅n¥Ï¡H从ªì´Á§Ú´N说¬O错¤£¬O¸o¡C¦pªG说当时¥u¦³¤j陆¤@个¨Ò¤l¡A还¤£¦n对¤ñ¡A现¦b这¤\¦h对·Ó组¦³Ô£锅¦´N¬~±o¤z¤z净净¥i¥H»]¤f¸n¤F¡C
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JonJon
¸ô¤H¥Ò¤A¤þ
3585 Posts |
Posted - 04/11/2020 : 18:50:43
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¤¤°ê²{¦bÁn´©ÃÓ¼w¶ë©MWHO¬O¦b´£ªo±Ï¤õªü ©Ò¥H¤~n¾a«D¬wÁp·ù¨Óµ¹ÃÓ¼w¶ë¥´®ð |
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LUMBER
§Ú¬O¦Ñ³¾
Taiwan
8485 Posts |
Posted - 04/11/2020 : 19:00:14
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¡@ ¡@ https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/covid-19-genetic-network-analysis-provides-snapshot-of-pandemic-origins?from=groupmessage&isappinstalled=0&fbclid=IwAR1Vvpvx0Dz_8YSioTBIJSVaPzdx63GJo72jLrlOEllGT8bpF39n-kguACQ ¡@ ^°ê¼C¾ô¬ã¨s¦b4¤ë9¤éµoªí ³oӤ峹À³¸Ó¬O¥Î©ó«Å¶Ç°lÂܯf¬rªº°ò¦]¥v¾Ç ¦³¨âÓ«ÂI 1.´X¥G¬O©ú«ü¯f¬rªºªì©l¨Ó·½¨Ã¤£¬O¤¤°ê¡A¼Ú¬wªº¯f¬r¬O¥Ñ·s¥[©Y¡B»´ä©M«nÁú¶Ç¼½¹L¥hªº ¡@ 2.°²¦p¤j³°¨ºÃä¨S¦³·sªºÅܺءA¥i¥H»¡¤w¸g¹ï¯f¬r§K¬Ì¡A¦Ó¥B¤]¥i¯à¹ï¼Ú¬üªº¨ä¥LÅܺئ³§K¬Ì©Ê¡C ¹ï©ó¥¼¨Ón±Á{ªº¬D¾Ô¡A¤ñ°_¨º¨Ç²@µL¥Î³B¡A¦Ó¥B¥O¤Häú¤ßªº¼L¯¥ÁÙ¦³¥Î¤W´X¤d¨Ê¥ü¿¡C ¡@
- ¡@ The team used data from virus genomes sampled from across the world between 24 December 2019 and 4 March 2020. The research revealed three distinct ¡§variants¡¨ of COVID-19, consisting of clusters of closely related lineages, which they label ¡¥A¡¦, ¡¥B¡¦ and ¡¥C¡¦. ¡@ ¸Ó¹Î¶¤¨Ï¥Î¤F¥@¬É¦U¦a±Ä¼Ëªº¯f¬r°ò¦]²Õ¤¤±oª¾COVID-19¥i¥H¤À¦¨ABC¤TºØ¥DnÅÜÅé ¡@ Forster and colleagues found that the closest type of COVID-19 to the one discovered in bats ¡V type ¡¥A¡¦, the ¡§original human virus genome¡¨ ¡V was present in Wuhan, but surprisingly was not the city¡¦s predominant virus type. Mutated versions of ¡¥A¡¦ were seen in Americans reported to have lived in Wuhan, and a large number of A-type viruses were found in patients from the US and Australia. ¡@ ºÖ´µ¯S³Õ¤hµo²{·½¦ÛªZº~ªº¼Ë¥»¡ACOVID-19³Q¤ÀÃþ¬°¯f¬rAÅÜÅé¡A³Q»{¬°¬O¡u¤HÃþì©l¯f¬r°ò¦]²Õ¡v¡A¦ý¨Ã¤£¬O¸Ó«°¥«ªº¥Dn¯f´Á¨Ó·½¡C©~¦í©óªZº~ªº¬ü°ê¤H»P¿D¤j§Q¨È¤~¬OAÅÜÅ骺¥Dn±Ú¸s¡C ¡@ Wuhan¡¦s major virus type, ¡¥B¡¦, was prevalent in patients from across East Asia. However, the variant didn¡¦t travel much beyond the region without further mutations ¡V implying a "founder event" in Wuhan, or ¡§resistance¡¨ against this type of COVID-19 outside East Asia, say researchers. ¡@ ¦bªZº~ªº®×¨Ò¤¤ªº¯f¬r¥Dn¬°COVID-19ªºÅÜÅéB¡A¦Ó³oÓÅÜÅéB¨Ã¨S¦³«ùÄò¶i¤Æ¡A³oªí¥Ü¯f¬r¦bªZº~µo¥Í¤F¡u³þ°òªÌ®ÄÀ³¡v¡A¨Ï±oªF¨È¦a°Ï¥i¥H¹ï¨ä¥L¦a°ÏªºCOVID-19¶}©l§K¬Ì¡C ¡@ The ¡¥C¡¦ variant is the major European type, found in early patients from France, Italy, Sweden and England. It is absent from the study¡¦s Chinese mainland sample, but seen in Singapore, Hong Kong and South Korea. ¡@ ÅÜÅéC¬O¼Ú¬wªº¥DnCOVID-19ÅÜÅé¡A¦bªk°ê¡A·N¤j§Q¡A·ç¨å©M^°ê¤j³W¼ÒÃzµo¡C¥L±q¥¼¦b¤¤°ê¤j³°³Qµo²{¡A¦ý¬O¦b·s¥[©Y¸ò»´ä¡A«nÁú³£¦³¡C ¡@ Since today¡¦s PNAS study was conducted, the research team has extended its analysis to 1,001 viral genomes. While yet to be peer-reviewed, Forster says the latest work suggests that the first infection and spread among humans of COVID-19 occurred between mid-September and early December. ¡@ ¾¨ºÞ©|¥¼¸g¹L§ó¦hªºÀËÅç¡A¦ýºÖ´µ¯S³Õ¤hªí©ú®Ú¾Ú³Ì·s¬ã¨s¡ACOVID-19ªºº¦¸·P¬V©M¶Ç¼½³Ì¦¥i¯à¦b9¤ë¤¤¦¯¡A³Ì±ß¨ì12¤ë¶}©l¡C ¡@ - ¡@ ³þ°òªÌ®ÄÀ³¡A²n¨Ó»¡¡A´N¬O¥~¨Ó¯f¬r¶i¤J¤F¤@Ó¿W¥ß¸sÅ餧¤¤¡A¦Ó¥B¦¨¤F¾ãÓ±Ú¸s¤¤¼sªx³£¦³·PµM¤F¨ä¯f¬r¡]¦Ó¥B³£¬¡±o¦n¦nªº¡^¡C ¡@ - ¡@ ´N¤pªº¦Ó¨¥¡A¥»¨Ó¬O¦³¦Ü¤Ö¨âÓ°ÝÃDȱoÆ[¹î ¡@ 1.¤j³°¨ºÃä·|¤£·|¦³¤G¦¸Ãzµo ¡@ °²¦p¤j³°¨ºÃäÁô°Î°T®§ªº°ÝÃD¦s¦b¡A¨º»ò¤G¦¸Ãzµoªº¥i¯à©Ê·|¬Û·í¤j¡C ¯f¬r·íµM¤£·|ºÞ§A¬Oþ¸Ì¤H¡A¤HÃþ¦b³o¯f¬r¤Uªº¯Ü®z§Ṳ́]³£«ÜªÖ©w¡C ¦]¦¹ªZº~¶}«°«á¡A¤G¦¸Ãzµo±N¤£¥iÁקK¡C ¦ý¬O·Ó³o¬ã¨sµ²ªG¨Ó¬Ý¡A¤j³°¬Æ¦Ü¾ãÓªF«n¨È³£¤£»Ýn¾á¤ß³oÓ°ÝÃD¡C µL½×¥L̬F©²ªº°µ¬°¦p¦ó¡A¥L̳£¤w¸g§K¬Ì¤F¡C ¥un«ùÄòÂ_µ´»P^¬ü¼ÚªºÁpµ¸¡A´N¥i¥H°ªªEµL¼~¡C §Y¨Ï³o¯f¬rÁÙ¦³¥i¯àÄ~ÄòÅܲ§¦¨·sªº±þ¤H¯f¬r¡C ¡@ 2.ªF«n¨ÈªºÃzµo ¡@ Àô¹Ò¸ò¦a°Ïªº¼vÅT ¤½½Ã§óÁV¿|ªºªF«n¨È¨S¹D²z¤£Ãzµo ¡@ ¥»¨Ó¬OÃhºÃ¦]¬°¤fµ}²¨ªº¦a°Ï§ó¦h¡A©Ò¥H§Y¨Ï¦³¯f±¡¤]«Ü®e©ö¦b¤@©wªº¦a°Ï¤ºµLªk¶Ç¼½¡C ¦ý¬O¨ä¥L¬ã¨s¥i¯à¾É¦V¤F¨ä¥Lµ²ªG ¦]¬°¯f¬r¥»¨¨Ó·½´N±µªñªF«n¨È ³o¨Ï±oªF«n¨Èªº¤H«Ü®e©öÀò±o§K¬Ì¤O ¨Ï±o¯f¬rªºÅܺؤî¨B©óªF«n¨È - ¡@ ¤j·§¥h¦~¡A¤pªº¸òªB¤Í²á¨ìÃþ¦ü³oºØ¸ÜÃD¡C ¡u§Ú̻ݤ£»Ýn¥hÂå°|¦Û¶O¥´¬YºØ¬Ì]¨Ó¥[±j©è§Ü¤O¡v ¦ý¦Ñ¹ê»¡¡A¦]¬°SARS¤§Ãþªº¬Ì]¾ÉP¯f¤H¦º¤`ªº®×¨Ò¬O¦³ªº¡A¦Ó¥B1918¦~¬y·P¸òSARSÁÙ¦³ªÍª¢¤@¼Ë¡C ³£¬O§K¬Ì¯à¤O¤ÏÀ³¹L«×¾ÉP¤HÅé¦Û±þªº®×¨Ò¡C ¨º»ò¥[±j¦Û¤vªº§K¬Ì¯à¤O¡A¨ì©³¦³¨S¦³¿ù¡A´N·|¬OÓÄY«ªº°ÝÃD¡C ¡@ 1.º¥ý´Nºâ¬OCOVID-19¡A¤£¦PªºÅܺض¡¤]·|¦³®t²§¡C ÁöµMÅܺØB³Q»{¬°¥i¥H¹ï¨ä¥LÅܺئ³§K¬Ì¤O¡A¦ý¬O¤Ï¹L¨Ó»¡·|¤£·|¤£¦æ©O¡H ¤ñ¦p»¡ÅܺØC¸òA¨Ã¤£·|¹ïÅܺØB¨S¦³§K¬Ì¤O¡H ¡@ 2.¨Åé§K¬Ìªº¤H¬O¤£¬O·|Åܦ¨±aìªÌ¡H ¶W¯Å±aìªÌ¥»¨´N¬O¨¤W¦³¯f¬r¡A¦ý¬O§¹¥þ§K¬Ìªº³Ì¦n¨Ò¤l¡C ¨S¦³±o¹LCOVID-19ªº¤H¡A¬O¤£¬O¤Ï¦Ó·|ÀH®É¦]¬°©P¾Dªº¤H¦³±aì¡A¤Ï¦ÓÀH®É¦³¥Í©R¦MÀI¡H ¡@ 3.¬Ì]ªº¦³®Ä©Ê¡A°²¦p¦³¡A¨º»ò¹ï©ó¤£¦PÅܺض¡ªº¦³®Ä©Ê¥i¤£¥i¯à¥´§é¡H ¦Û¶O§äÂå°|¥´¬Ì]³£¦³°ÝÃDªº¸Ü¡A¨º³oÞªP¿ú¥i´N¥Õªá¤F¡C ¡@ - ¡@ ¬ã¨sµ²ªGÁ٨䣵¥©ó¬O¤w¸gªÖ©wªº¨Æ¹ê¡C ¤£¹L¹ï©ó°Ñ¦Ò¦³«Ü¤jªºÀ°§U |
Edited by - LUMBER on 04/11/2020 19:04:32 |
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LUMBER
§Ú¬O¦Ñ³¾
Taiwan
8485 Posts |
Posted - 04/11/2020 : 19:05:59
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¡@ https://www.pnas.org/content/early/2020/04/07/2004999117?fbclid=IwAR2yr10t8f0VkxhRIVYcxwEOirXTNobP2VjKesMlICs4ORsO-Vpuy2stVUE ¡@ ¥t¤@½g¦b3¤ë30¤éªº½×¤å ¡@ ¤pªº·Q½|Án¡G¡u·F¡I¡v ¡@ §ÚÌ¥xÆW¤H¬O¢Ñ«¬ªü¡I ¡]¦³¤Hn·í§@¥xÆW¤H¤£¬O¤¤°ê¤Hªº¤]¥i¥H°ª¿³¤@¤U°Õ¡^ ¡@ - ¡@ In a phylogenetic network analysis of 160 complete human severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov-2) genomes, we find three central variants distinguished by amino acid changes, which we have named A, B, and C, with A being the ancestral type according to the bat outgroup coronavirus. ¡@ ¦b¹ï160ÓSARS-Cov-2°ò¦]²Õ¶i¦æªº¨t²Î¤Æ¤ÀªR¤¤¡A¥H®ò°ò»ÄÅܤƪº¤£¦P¡A§Ú̱N¨ä¤À¦¨¢Ï¢Ð¢Ñ¤TºØ¬ðÅܺءC ¡@ ¦Ó¢Ï¬O®Ú¾Ú·½¦Û©ó¶³«nªº½¿½»¬°ì©lªº«aª¬¯f¬r¡C ¡@ The A and C types are found in significant proportions outside East Asia, that is, in Europeans and Americans.In contrast, the B type is the most common type in East Asia, and its ancestral genome appears not to have spread outside East Asia without first mutating into derived B types, ¡@ ¢Ï©M¢Ñªº¬ðÅܺئbªF¨È¥H¥~ªº¤ñ¨Ò«Ü°ª¡C¢Ð¬OªF¨È³Ì±`¨£ªºÃþ«¬¡A¨äì©l°ò¦]¨Ã¨S¦³¬ðÅÜ©Î¥ô¦ól¥Í¡A¤]¤£·|ÂX´²¨ìªF¨È¥H¥~¡A³oªí¥Ü¤F¦b¨È¬wªº¢ÐÅܺئb³þ°òªÌ®ÄÀ³¤§«á¤w¸g²£¥Í¤F¹ï©ó¨Ó¦Û¨È¬w¥H¥~¨ä¥LÅܺتº§K¬Ì¤O¡C ¡@ Zhou et al. (7) recently reported a closely related bat coronavirus, with 96.2% sequence similarity to the human virus. We use this bat virus as an outgroup, resulting in the root of the network being placed in a cluster of lineages which we have labeled ¡§A.¡¨ Overall, the network, as expected in an ongoing outbreak, shows ancestral viral genomes existing alongside their newly mutated daughter genomes. ¡@ ·½¦Û©ó½¿½»ªº«aª¬¯f¬r¡A»P±Ä¦Û¤HÃþ¨¤W¯f¬rªº¬Û¦ü©Ê¬°96.2%¡A§Ú̼аO¬°Aªº±Ú¸s¤¤§@¬°¶Ç¬Vªº°_ÂI¡C¸Óºô¸ô¥Ñ©ó¬Ì±¡ªºÃzµo¡A¾ÉP¤F¯f¬r°ò¦]²Õ»P¨äÅܲ§ªº¤l¥N°ò¦]¦P®É¦s¦b¡C ¡@ There are two subclusters of A which are distinguished by the synonymous mutation T29095C. In the T-allele subcluster, four Chinese individuals (from the southern coastal Chinese province of Guangdong) carry the ancestral genome, while three Japanese and two American patients differ from it by a number of mutations. These American patients are reported to have had a history of residence in the presumed source of the outbreak in Wuhan. The C-allele subcluster sports relatively long mutational branches and includes five individuals from Wuhan, two of which are represented in the ancestral node, and eight other East Asians from China and adjacent countries. It is noteworthy that nearly half (15/33) of the types in this subcluster, however, are found outside East Asia, mainly in the United States and Australia. ¡@ Aªº¨âÓ¤l¸s¥HT29095C°Ï¤À¡A¦³¥|Ó¤¤°ê¤H±a¦³ì©l¯f¬rªº°ò¦]¡A¤T¦W¬ü°ê¤H»P¨â¦W¤é¥»¤H«h¦³³\¦h¬ðÅÜ¡A³o¨Ç¤H³£¦bªZº~¦³©~¦í¥v¡C ¡@ ¢Ñªº°ò¦]¨ÈºØ¦³¸ûªøªº¬ðÅÜ¥v¡A¥]¬A¨Ó¦ÛªZº~ªº¤Ó¤H¡A¨ä¤¤¨âÓ±a¦³ì©lªº¯f¬r°ò¦]¡A¥H¤Î¨Ó¦Û¤¤°ê©M¾Fªñ°ê®a¤K¦ìªF¨È¤H¡Cȱoª`·Nªº¬O¡A¸ÓÅܺء]¢Ñ¡^ªºÃþ¦üÅܺؤ¤¡A±Nªñ¤@¥b¥Dn¦b¬ü°ê¸ò¿D¬w¡C ¡@ For type B, all but 19 of the 93 type B genomes were sampled in Wuhan (n = 22), in other parts of eastern China (n = 31), and, sporadically, in adjacent Asian countries (n = 21). Outside of East Asia, 10 B-types were found in viral genomes from the United States and Canada, one in Mexico, four in France, two in Germany, and one each in Italy and Australia. Node B is derived from A by two mutations: the synonymous mutation T8782C and the nonsynonymous mutation C28144T changing a leucine to a serine. Cluster B is striking with regard to mutational branch lengths: While the ancestral B type is monopolized (26/26 genomes) by East Asians, every single (19/19) B-type genome outside of Asia has evolved mutations. This phenomenon does not appear to be due to the month-long time lag and concomitant mutation rate acting on the viral genome before it spread outside of China (Dataset S1, Supplementary Table 2). A complex founder scenario is one possibility, and a different explanation worth considering is that the ancestral Wuhan B-type virus is immunologically or environmentally adapted to a large section of the East Asian population, and may need to mutate to overcome resistance outside East Asia. ¡@ ¢Ð«¬Åܺئb¤¤°ê¤Î¨ä¥L¦a°Ï±Ä¼Ë¡A¦b¬ü°ê¤Î¥[®³¤j¤¤³£¦³µo²{¡A¥]¬A¬ü°ê¡A¾¥¦èô¡Aªk°ê¡A¼w°ê¡A¸q¤j§Q¤Î¿D¤j§Q¨È¡C ¡@ ¢Ð«¬ÅܺجO¢Ï«¬ªºl¥Í¯f¬r¡A¦Ó¥B¤Þ¤Hª`¥Ø¡C¨È¬w¥H¥~ªº¢Ð«¬Åܺس£¦³¬ðÅÜ¡A³o¨Ã¤£¬O¤@Ӥ뤺ªº®É¶¡¥i¥H¬ðÅÜ¥X¨Óªº¡C½ÆÂøªº¥L°ê·P¬V¥i¯à¬Oì¦]¤§¤@¡C ¡@ ȱo»{¬°ªº¬O¡AªZº~¥X¨Óªº¢Ð«¬ÅܺئbªF¨È¤j³¡¤À¤H¤f¤¤³£¦³§K¬Ì¯à¤O¡A¨Ã¥B¬ðÅܹL«á±o¥HÀò±o§K¬Ì¨Ó¦Û¨ä¥L¦a°Ï¡]¯f¬r¡^ªº¯à¤O¡C ¡@ Type C differs from its parent type B by the nonsynonymous mutation G26144T which changes a glycine to a valine. In the dataset, this is the major European type (n = 11), with representatives in France, Italy, Sweden, and England, and in California and Brazil. It is absent in the mainland Chinese sample, but evident in Singapore (n = 5) and also found in Hong Kong, Taiwan, and South Korea. ¡@ ¢Ñ«¬¬ðÅܦbªk°ê¡A¸q¤j§Q¡A·ç¨å¡A^°ê¡A¬ü°ê¥[¦{ÁÙ¦³¤Ú¦è³£¦³¡C¥L¨Ã¤£¦s¦b©ó¤¤°ê¡A¦ý·s¥[©Y¦³¡C»´ä¡A¥xÆW©MÁú°ê¤]ÄÝ©ó¢Ñ«¬¡C ¡@ - ¡@ ¼Ú¬üªº·P¬V¸ô®|´N¤£¼g¤F¡A¦U¦ì¥i¥H¦Û¦æ°Q½×¡C ³o½g¤pªº¬Ý¤F¤@¤U¤È ¶W¯Å¿N¸£ ¡@ ¥»¨Ó¤]¤£¬O¯u¥¿ªºÂ½Ä¶ ©Ò¥H¤]¤£°µ¥þ½Ķ ¡@ ¦U¦ì¥i¥H¦R¼Ñ¬Ý¬Ý ¼W¥[¤º®eªº¥¿½T©Ê ¡@ - ¡@ ¥H¤U¥u¬O²q´ú ¡@ ¢Ï¯f¬rªº·P¬V³~®|¥O¤HÃhºÃ¡A¬ü°ê¤H¦b¶³«n±µÄ²¹L¤F½¿½»¡A©Î¬O¨ì¤FªZº~±µÄ²¨ì½¿½»¡A²£¥Í¤FÅý¯f¬r¥i¥H·P¬V¤HÃþªº¬ðÅÜÅé¡A¨Ã¥BÅܦ¨¯f¬rªº¹s¸¹¯f¤H¡C ¡@ ¶Ç¬Vµ¹¤¤°ê¤H¡A¦¨¤F¢Ð«¬ÅܺءC ¶Ç¬Vµ¹·s¥[©Y¤ÎÁú°ê¤H¡A»´ä¤H¡A¦¨¤F¢Ñ«¬ÅܺءC µM«á°£¤F¥L¶Ç¬Vµ¹¬ü°ê¦Û¤v¤Hªº¢ÏÅܺإ~¡A¬ü°ê¥t¥~ÁÙ¦h¼W¥[¤F¢ÑÅܺضi¤J¹Ò¤º·P¬V¡C ¡@ ¦]¬°¤@¶}©l¦bªZº~¬O¦³¹jÂ÷ªº¡A¬ü°ê¹B¦^°êªº¤H¤]¦³¹jÂ÷¡C ©Ò¥H¥i¥H¬Û«H³Ìªìªº·P¬V¦´N¤w¸gÀWÁc¨Ó©¹©ó¨â°ê¤§¶¡¡C ©Î¬O¦b¥@¬É¦U¦aww³y¡A¬°¯f¬rªº¶Ç»¼¼W¥[¤F¹ï±Ú¸s²`¤Æªº¬ðÅܮɶ¡¡C ¡@¡@ ¦ý°²¦p¤£¬O½¿½»¡A¨º»ò¬ã¨sµ²ªG¥i¯à·|°fÂà¡H ¡@ ¥t¥~¤@¤è±¡A³oªí¥Ü¥»¨Ó´N·½©ó¶³«nªº¯f¬r¡A¥»¨¦bªF¨È¦a°Ï¥X¨ªº¤H´N«Ü®e©öÀò±o¤F§K¬Ì¯à¤O¡H ¡@
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Henschel
¸ô¤H¥Ò¤A¤þ
3315 Posts |
Posted - 04/11/2020 : 19:06:15
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quote: Originally posted by judah1970
¦³¤°¤\锅n¥Ï¡H从ªì´Á§Ú´N说¬O错¤£¬O¸o¡C¦pªG说当时¥u¦³¤j陆¤@个¨Ò¤l¡A还¤£¦n对¤ñ¡A现¦b这¤\¦h对·Ó组¦³Ô£锅¦´N¬~±o¤z¤z净净¥i¥H»]¤f¸n¤F¡C
¤p¦ë§An¬O¥ú±¡绪发ªn¤£¬Ý§Úªº发¨¥¡A¨º§Aª½说´N¦n¤F¡A¦ó¥²这ý©®ö费§Úªº时间¡H
ªZº~¬F©²12¤ë¤w¸g¦V¤¤¥¡¤H¥Á¬F©²¶×³ø¡A½ä¬Æ»ò? ½äªº¨ºÓ¨s³º¬O²ßªñ¥ÁÙ¬O§õ§J±j |
Edited by - Henschel on 04/11/2020 19:20:55 |
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BlueWhaleMoon
§Ú¬O¦Ñ³¾
13032 Posts |
Posted - 04/11/2020 : 19:35:26
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quote: Originally posted by lyrics
quote: Originally posted by BlueWhaleMoon
¤£过¡A´N¬ã¨s结论¬Ý¡A¦ü¥G对¬ü国«ü±±¤¤国ªº说ªk¤£§Q¡C == ½Ð°Ý½×¤åþ¸Ì¥i¥H±o¨ì³oÓµ²½×¡H
结论³¡¤À¡A¥H¤Îabstract³£¥i¥H¬Ý¨ì
§Ú¬Ý¤F¡A¨S¬Ý¨ì¡C ½Ð°Ýþ¤@¥y¥i¥H¤ä«ù§Aªº¶WĶ¡H |
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BlueWhaleMoon
§Ú¬O¦Ñ³¾
13032 Posts |
Posted - 04/11/2020 : 19:57:27
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quote: Originally posted by ¤¾¤þ
quote: Originally posted by BlueWhaleMoon ³oÓ«ç»ò¬Ý³£¬OPCR ¡A¤£¬OSARS§Ö¿z
§Ú¹ï¤j³°ªº»{ª¾¬O°£«D¤T¥Ò¥H¤W©Î¦a°Ï¤T¥Ò«ü©w¤j«¬Âå°|¤~·|¦³PCR¤§ÃþªºÀËÅç³]³Æ~~~ ¨ä¥L³£¬O¥Î§Ö¿z¸Õ¾¯¨ÓÀËÅç«aª¬¯f¬r©ÎSARS¤§Ãþªº~~~
ªZº~¤¤¤ßÂå°|¦³µLPCR³]³Æ¦b¤U·íµM¤£²M·¡Åo~~
¦Ê¸U³s¸p±ÀˬF©²¡A¥H®Ö¾iºñ«±Ò®Ö¥|~~ https://blog.xuite.net/tomschen/blog
ªZº~Âå°|99%¨S¦³PCR ¦ý¬O爲¦ó»Ýn¡H ¥i¥H¥~°eÀËÅç
§Ú¤£À´±z°í«ùªZº~Âå°|¡u¦Û¤v¡v¤£¯à°µPCR ´N¥Nªí¤@©w¬OSARS§Ö¿z ³oÓÅÞ¿è¬O¦³°ÝÃDªº
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Edited by - BlueWhaleMoon on 04/11/2020 20:42:12 |
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BlueWhaleMoon
§Ú¬O¦Ñ³¾
13032 Posts |
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¤¾¤þ
ª©¥D
Taiwan
16098 Posts |
Posted - 04/11/2020 : 20:46:53
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¤W±¨º¤@½g¦¶Ç«Ü¤[¤F¡A¦bÂåÀø¬ÛÃö°Q½×Äæ¦ì¨º´X¼h¤j¼Ó??¸Ì´N¦³³Q¤H¶K¹L~~~
¥S¥xÀ³¸Ó¥i¥H¬dªº¨ì¦Û±qSARS¥H¨Ó§Ú°ê«Ø¥ßªº©I§l¹D¶Ç¬VºÊ´úÅé¨t¬O¼sµo§Ö¿z¸Õ¾¯¨ì¾÷³õ/½Ã¥Í©Ò/¤¤¤p«¬Âå°|¶E©Ò·í²Ä¤@¹D¨¾½u·dªì¨B¿z¿ï¡APCR¬O²Ä¤G¹D~~ ¨S²z¥Ñ¤j³°ÂåÀøÅé¨t¤£·|³o¼Ë°µ~~
¦Ê¸U³s¸p±ÀˬF©²¡A¥H®Ö¾iºñ«±Ò®Ö¥|~~ https://blog.xuite.net/tomschen/blog
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gera
§Ú¬O¦Ñ³¾
6100 Posts |
Posted - 04/11/2020 : 20:50:00
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https://www.pnas.org/content/early/2020/04/07/2004999117?fbclid=IwAR2yr10t8f0VkxhRIVYcxwEOirXTNobP2VjKesMlICs4ORsO-Vpuy2stVUE
¦P½g½×¤åªº¤£¦P¸ÑŪ?
A¸`ÂI¥i°l·¹½¿½»¯f¬r,¥¦ªº¨âӨȸs,¤¤°ê±wªÌ¤W¦³¯ª¥ý¯f¬rªº²ª¸ñ,¦ý¥~°ê±wªÌ¤W¦³§ó¦hªº¬ðÅÜ,¦Ó¨ä¤¤ªº¬ü°ê±wªÌ³£¦³ªZº~©~¦í¥v.
B¸`ÂI¥H¤¤°ê¬°¥D,¦ý¦b¤¤°ê¥H¥~¤]¦³µo²{,¦ÓB¸`ÂI¬O¥ÑA¸`ÂI¬ðÅܲ£¥Í¦Ó¨Ó, B³QªF¨È¤H¿W¦û,¦Ó¦bªF¨È¥H¥~¦a°ÏªºB¯f¨Ò,«h¥þ³¡²£¥Í¬ðÅÜ, ¤]´N¬O»¡B¾A¦XªF¨È¦a°Ï,¦ýn¶Ç¬V¨ì¥H¥~¦a°Ï,´N¥²¶·¬ðÅÜ.
C¸`ÂI,l¥Í©óB,¬O¼Ú¬wªº¥DnÃþ«¬,¦ý¤£¦s©ó¤¤°ê¯f¨Ò.
³Q¨Ó®³¹ï¤ñªº¬O¤@°¦½¿½»ªº¯f¬r,°µ¬°¯ª¥ý,¬Û¦ü«×¬O96.2%
Â÷¥¦³Ìªñªº¬OA¸`ÂI,¨ä33¨Ò¤¤¦³15¨Ò¤£¬OªF¨È¦a°Ï¤H, ³o¸Ì¥Nªí¬Ì±¡ªº¦´Á¶¥¬q,A¹ï©ó¤HºØ¤£¬D¹,³£·P¬V, ¦ý¨ã¯ª¥ý¯f¬r¯S¼xªº,¦h¬O¤¤°ê¤H©Î¨Ó¦Û©Î«Ý¹LªZº~.
B¸`ÂI¬O±qAl¥Í¯S¤Æ¹ïªF¨È¦³®Ä¶Ç¬V,¦ý¥¦¶Ç¬VªF¨È¥H¥~¤H·|§óÃø.
C¸`ÂI«h¬O¥ÑBl¥Í,§JªA¤F§xÃø,¶Ç¬V©ó¥Dn¬O¼Ú¬w¦a°Ïªº.
¤@,¬Ý°_¨ÓÁÙ¬O·½©ó¤¤°ê ¤G,¬Ì±¡ªº¦´Á¶¥¬q,A¼vÅT´N¤w¸g®i¶},¥u¬O¥i¯à³Q»{¬°¬O¬y·P,¬r©ÊÀ³¸Ó¤]¤£±j. ¤T,ªZº~¯u¥¿³Qĵı¶}©l¬y¦æªº¤~¬OB,³o¤ñA§ó¬r,¦ý¥¦¤Ï¦Ó¤£®e©ö¶Ç¬Vµ¹¥~³¡,ª½¨ìC¬ðÅÜ.
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BlueWhaleMoon
§Ú¬O¦Ñ³¾
13032 Posts |
Posted - 04/11/2020 : 21:06:26
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A«¬¬O§_¬r©Ê¸û¤£±j¡AÁÙ¨S¦³¬ÛÃö¤ÀªR |
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¤¾¤þ
ª©¥D
Taiwan
16098 Posts |
Posted - 04/11/2020 : 21:09:39
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³o½g¤]¬O COVID-19: genetic network analysis provides ¡¥snapshot¡¦ of pandemic origins https://bit.ly/3edljJE
Forster and colleagues found that the closest type of COVID-19 to the one discovered in bats ¡V type ¡¥A¡¦, the ¡§original human virus genome¡¨ ¡V was present in Wuhan, but surprisingly was not the city¡¦s predominant virus type.
Mutated versions of ¡¥A¡¦ were seen in Americans reported to have lived in Wuhan, and a large number of A-type viruses were found in patients from the US and Australia.
Wuhan¡¦s major virus type, ¡¥B¡¦, was prevalent in patients from across East Asia. However, the variant didn¡¦t travel much beyond the region without further mutations ¡V implying a "founder event" in Wuhan, or ¡§resistance¡¨ against this type of COVID-19 outside East Asia, say researchers.
The ¡¥C¡¦ variant is the major European type, found in early patients from France, Italy, Sweden and England. It is absent from the study¡¦s Chinese mainland sample, but seen in Singapore, Hong Kong and South Korea.
The new analysis also suggests that one of the earliest introductions of the virus into Italy came via the first documented German infection on January 27, and that another early Italian infection route was related to a ¡§Singapore cluster¡¨.
Importantly, the researchers say that their genetic networking techniques accurately traced established infection routes: the mutations and viral lineages joined the dots between known cases.
¦Ê¸U³s¸p±ÀˬF©²¡A¥H®Ö¾iºñ«±Ò®Ö¥|~~ https://blog.xuite.net/tomschen/blog
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zfss
¸ô¤H¥Ò¤A¤þ
2266 Posts |
Posted - 04/11/2020 : 22:40:33
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quote: Originally posted by ki1
quote: Originally posted by zfss
ªZú䥫长¯àú¨©w«Ê«°¡H¤°¤\°¯º话¡A¨ä¥L¤£ºâ¡A°_码¥Á¯è©M铁¸ô谁会§v¥Lªº¡C
§â¾÷³õ©M¨®¯¸©P³ò³ò¤@°é¤]¤£¥ÎºÞ¥Á¯è©MÅK¸ôÅ¥¤£Å¥
没¥Î¡A§A¯à围¤L¦Ê¤½¨½¡H该©ñ«Èªº继续©ñ«È¡A该¤U车ªº继续¤U车 ¦a¤è¬F©²©M¥Á¯è¡A铁¸ô¥i没¦³¤W¤U级关¨t¡C |
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LUMBER
§Ú¬O¦Ñ³¾
Taiwan
8485 Posts |
Posted - 04/11/2020 : 23:02:14
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¡@ ¬r©Ê¨S¦³©Ò¿×±j¤£±jªº¡@ ¶³«n½¿½»¦b·í¦a¨S±þ±o¤F´XÓ¤H ±q¬ã¨s¬Ý¨Ó°²¦p¦b¤Q¤ë´N¨ì¤F¬ü°ê¡A¦b¬ü°ê¤]¨S¯à±þ±o¤F´XÓ¤H¡C ¦ý¬Oµ¥¨ì¬ðÅܨì¤@©wµ{«×«á¡A¤£ºÞ¦³¨S¦³¤¤°êªº®È¹C¥v¡A¥L´N¹³©w®É¬µ¼u¤@¼Ë¬µ¶}¤F¡C ³o«e´£ÁÙ±o¬O¡u¬y·P¤£¬OªÍª¢¡v ¡@ ¤pªº¨S¥h¦b·N¤ñ¨Ò¡A¦]¬°¬ü°êºG¨ì³s¹L¥h¬Ì±¡¨Ï¥Îªº¶Ã¸®®q³£®³¨Ó¥Î¡C ¦]¬°¤£ºÞ¦h¤Ö¨º³£«ÜÁV¿|¡A§ó¥i©Èªº¬O¥¼¨Ó¦p¦ó¹w¨¾¡A¨S¦³¤H¥h·Q¡C ¡@ ¤¤°ê¦b1¤ë¸ò12¤ë¦³¨S¦³¥i¯à³q³ø´N¥þ¥@¬É¨S¨Æ¡Aµª®×·íµM¬O§_©wªº¡C ¬YÓ¬ü°ê¤H¨ì¤F¤¤°ê¡A¸IIJ¨ì¤F¶³«n½¿½»ªºÁT«K©Î¬O¤f¤ô¡A´d¼@´N¤£¥i°fÂà¡C
¬YÓªZº~©Î´ò¥_¤H¸ò³oÓ¬ü°ê¤H±µÄ²¦Ó¬V¯f¡A±µµÛªZº~¤jÃzµo ¦ý³o¤]¦³¥i¯à¬O¼sªF¤H¡A¦]¬°¼sªF¤H¦³¢Ï«¬ªº¨ÒÃÒ¦b¡C ·P¬V¹Lµ{¤¤¶¡¥i¯àÂà¤â¦n´X¤H¡A¦ýµL½×¦p¦ó±µµÛ³£ÂX´²¨ì¼Ú¬w¡C
°_·½¦b¶³«n¡A¦ý¬O¯f¬r¦b·í¦a®É³£¨S¯à±þ¹L´XÓ¤H¡C ¹s¸¹¶Ç¬VªÌ¬O¬ü°ê¤H¡A¦ý¬O¦o¤£¨ì¤¤°ê´N¨S³oºØ¨Æ¡C ªZº~¥u¬Oµ²ªG¤§¤@¡A¦ý¬O¥LÌntªº³d¥ô¬Oªý¤îÂå®v¦V¤W³q³ø¡C ¾ÉP²Ä¤@½u¨¾¬Ì¤Hû¦º¶ËºG«¡C
¬ü°ê¯à¤£¯à¥Î¡u¨p¤H¥ø·~¡vªº¦W¸q¦P¼Ë¦p¦¹°µ¡A¤£ª¾¹D¡C ³o¹D¼wª§Ä³¥i¯à¤]¬O¬Ì±¡ÂX´²ªºì¦]¡C ¥Ø«e¾Ú»¡¦³¼Æ¸U¦Wªº°ò¼hÂåÀø¤Hû±Á{¥Íp°ÝÃD¡A³o¨ì©³«ç»ò·dªº³£¤£ª¾¹D¡C ¡@ ¤pªº¦b°ê®a¦a²zÀW¹D±oª¾³o¥y¸Ü ´Nºâ©^¬°¦c±ú¨S¦³¥Î ¦ýÁÙ¬On»¡ ¡@ ¡u¬d¸ß¯u¬Û¤£¬O¬°¤F³d¥ôÂkÄÝ¡A¬O¬°¤FÅý¥¼¨Ó¤£¦Aµo¥Í´d¼@¡v ¡@ °²¦pÁÙ¬O¤@¼Ë³´¤J¤¤¬ü¹ï§Üªº°ÝÃD¸Ì
¨º±o¥Xªº¤£¬O¯u¬Û ¬O°¾°õªº¦k·Q ¡@ ¦³¤H»{¬°¬ü°ê¦b¤E¤ë»P¤¤°ê¦³¬Y¤è±ªºx¨Æ¥æ¬y ³¥¨ý¤°»òªº¤]¥i¯à¥Î¤W ³o¥i¯à¬O¬°¦ó¬üx³o¨Ç¨SÔ£¦Û¥Ñ®È¹C¥vªº¤H¤]·|Ãzµo¯e¯fªºì¦]¡C |
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waffe
§Ú¬O¦Ñ³¾
7187 Posts |
Posted - 04/11/2020 : 23:13:50
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¯f¬r¨Ó·½¬O§ÚÓ¤Hı±o¤@ÂI³£¤£«n¡A·|³Q¤j¶qªº¬ã¨s¬Fªv¦]¯À»·¤j©óÂåÀø¦]¯À¡A§Aª¾¹D¯f¬rþ¨Óªº´N¯à¬ã¨s¥X¬Ì]?¦ý§Aª¾¹Dþ¨Óªº³oÁç´N§´§´ªº¡C¦ý§Ú¬Ý¯ª°ê¦PMªº°Q½×³Ì¸Þ²§(¨ä¹ê§Ú¬O·Q»¡¦n¯º)ªº³¡¤À¬O§A̬O¤£¬O³£§Ñ¤F¤@¶}©l¬O¤¤°ê©x¤è(©x¤è¡B©x¤è¡B©x¤è)»¡¯f¬r¬O±qªZº~ªº®üÂA¥«³õµo·½ªº¡AµM«á¦Û¤vµÛ®Ñ¥ß½×¦b¨ºÁ¿½¿½»¡BªG¤l¯W»P¬ï¤s¥Òªº¬üÄRÁÛ°m¡C
Á¿¤F¦n¤[C¡C¦Ó¥BÁÙ»¡¬O¦Y³oÃþªF¦è³y¦¨¯f¬rªºÂX´²§a°Õ¡B§a°Õ¡C½Ð°Ý¦³Ô£ÃÒ¾Ú¯àÃÒ©ú¼Ú¬ü¤H¤h·|¦Y¤W±¨º¤TºØ©ÇªF¦è?
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